Lost In The Barrens, Farley Mowat | Analysis

befogged In The Barrens, Farley Mowat AnalysisLost In The Barrens by Farley Mowat is a fabricated wilderness survival novel which introduces twain young teenagers, Jamie Macnair and Awasin Meewasin. At the beginning, Jamie goes up to the northern part of Canada to wear with his uncle, Angus Macnair. As Jamie arrived, he quickly introduced to Awasin and becomes friends with him. He arrests come forth that Awasin is the male child of the Crees chief. The leader of Chipewyan (the Crees rival), Denikazi on with his men come for help as they were starving due to lack of deer in the north.. Awasins mother had misgiving that the Chipewyan were trying to deceive them, although the boys still agree to go to the Indian village to prove that they need supplies. both Jamie and Awasin join the Chipewyan on their representation back to the gang of the Chipewyan and as they arrive, Denikazi thought that the boys were going to join them in the chase unless told both the boys to return to the multitude with two young Chipewyans. Denkazi warned them that If they were to encounter Eskimos, they were to abandon the camp and go home. In this novel, both the Chipewyans and the Crees are numb of the Eskimos. (Denikazi told the both the boys an incident where the Chipewyans went on a hunt for deer in the north and encountered Eskimos. The Eskimos got guns and fought the Chipewyans which led to the fear of the Eskimos). Jamie, Awasin and the two Chipewyan boys go back to the camp nevertheless as soon as they get back Jamie decides to go explore and tricks Awasin to join him. They venture up with their boat to the st ace house that one of the two Chipewyans boys had told them about. They try to find it but they hit a whirlpool and they barely survive it. Gathering what they could from their broken boat, they corroborate they dont watch enough to survive, they can non use their canoe and now they are stranded in the unornamenteds. The two young Chipewyan boys notice that both Jamie and Awasin have disappeared, so they go searching for them. The two boys saw an Eskimo kayak and ran back to the camp. Jamie and Awasin decide to go completely the way to where Denikazi and the other hunters, so they can join them. But one of Denikazis men see an Eskimo and the unharmed mathematical group flees, passing through Jamie and Awasins camp during the night. Later on, Jamie and Awasin soonrealize that Denikazi and his men have passed by their camp already and decide that they have to get slightly sort of cherish and food for their survival. They soon find the stone house and figure out that it was a grave of a Viking. Soon, they go hunting for does, country squirrels, fish and buck(that migrate). Winter arrives and they survive it by discovering a v solelyey where there is wood for them to build security and create heat. There were also bucks that were not migrating and spending their winter here. One day, the weather is not as cold as any other wi nter and the boys decide to sharpen back home hookup up most of their supplies onto a sled they have created. They find two cut throughs and the sled pulled by the two dogs they recently found. Their names were Fang and Ayuskeemos and they were huskies belonging to the Eskimos. Trouble occurs with the two boys when they get snow blindness and eventually the boys realize that they cant devise it and try to go back to their cabin. On their way back, a blizzard assail comes and they find a igloo where they crawl in. In the morning, they realize that the igloo belonged to an Eskimo as he returned. The Eskimos dog get into a fight with Fang and Ayuskeemo and it is broken up by Jamie and the Eskimo. Working together, Jamie and Awasin learn that the Eskimos name is Peetuk, the son of a white Englishman and an Eskimo woman. They become friends and visit the Eskimos where the three finally make it back to the Cree camp. Jamie and Awasin finally make it back home where they established th eir whole adventure was all about friendship, trust and survival.Authors Biography war ServiceFarley Mowat was part of the military during the Second World War and was commissioned as a arcminute lieutenant into the Second Battalion. He went overseas joining the Canadian Army in the United Kingdom. He served throughout the war as a commander and moved to Italy in September of 1943. He stayed in Italy in the first Canadian infantry division for most of the way, eventually promoted to captain. Later on, Mowat was discharged at the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945 as a captain. Lost of the Barrens can be chew overed towards the Second World War Mowat was in. In comparison, being in war and being illogical in the barrens reflect on survival. Mowat uses his writing in this case to talk about survival. Lost in the Barrens is all about survival and he puts his writing to reflect what he has gone through in the gone Except as a teenager in the wilderness.Early LifeFarley Mowat was born in Belleville, Ontario on May 12th 1921 and he has been a writer since he was a child. He recalls composing for the most part verse living with his family in Windsor from 1930 to 1933. He published a regular column based on observation of birds in the star Phoenix after moving to Saskatoon with his family. It seems as Fowats life is reflected on his writing, comparing his conception. Lost of the Barrens is full of imagination which Jamie images throughout the whole book. Jamie is the character that has the biggest imagination in the whole novel. He tries imagine himself in the wilderness and his curiosity kills him to the point he tricks Awasin to join him to explore what he imagines. In comparison, Mowat is analogous in a way. As a child, Mowat had a huge imagination where he reflects his creative writing and his imagination into a story. Hes reflecting the imagination Jamie has with the imagination he has in his writing for Lost in the Barrens.5Historical Time Perio d (Era)The chilliness WarThe Cold War was a political conflict that existed after World War II between the communism due to the Soviet Union and the powers of the Western World, primarily the United States and its allies. Although the Soviet Union and the United States did not attack directly, they uttered their conflicts indirectly through military alliances, strategic conventional force drops, proxy wars, propaganda and nuclear arm races. The Cold War featured periods of the relative calm and of international high tension (specially) the Korean war and the Vietnam war. This clipping era relates to Lost in the Barrens shows the rivalry between the Chipewyan and the Crees as they were always enemies in the book as there would be always competition for food and land. It can be a comparison with Korean War that happened between both South Korea and North Korea. The Korean war happened due to communism and republic for the dominance for each section of Korea. Mowat reflects the conf lict between the Cree and the Chipewyan to the conflict that North Korea and South Korea had.Art in the fiftiesEarly 1950s Jackson Pollock and Willem De Kooning were enormously influential to the art industry. Although, during the late 1950s, Barnett Newman and recognise Rothkos painting became more than in focus to the next generation. Pop Art use the iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising. With its grow in dadaism, it started to take form towards the end of 1950s when some of European artists started to make the symbols and product of the homo of advertising and propaganda the main subject of their artistic work. Art is reflected in Mowats writing comparing Jamies handcrafting skills to the 1950s. Mowat wanted to reflect how art was a part of the time era he was in while writing this novel, reservation Jamie the artistic one being able to craft shelter for their safety.6GenresFictionA metaphor is a type of genre where the narrator deals with events which is imaginary. There are different types of fictions, but Lost in the Barrens was written as a semi fictional novel. It is set with two teenagers whom do realistic things (surviving in the wilderness with what they have). The two, Jamie and Awasin go join a tribe to hunt but then get lost and stranded in the barrens Although on the contrasting side where if two teenagers were to be lost in the barren land wilderness they would most likely not survive. Here, this is reflected on Mowats past with his experience with his imagination. Fiction memorial is usually creative writing that is made up by the author using their imagination. Mowat uses his writing to impart his imagination in comparison to a fictional novel with is usually written using ones imagination. natural state SurvivalWilderness survival is a type of genre where the narrator deals with events in the wilderness. Lost in the Barrens sets a good example of wilderness survival. The two teenagers, Jamie and Awas in get lost in the barrens, where they must pass on to survive. Awasin knows the wilderness well, so he is able to hunt for food. Jamie knows how to craft object, which leads to Jamie being the person making all the shelters. Mowats writing is reflected in the novel to a combination of his experience in the war and the experience he had in the north of Canada with the Inuits. In comparison to Jamie and Awasin, he reflects his experience in the World War II with the imagination of what he saw in the north of Canada to write this novel.7Themes cosmos vs. NatureMan vs. Nature is a element that is a part of fictional literature. It is usually defined as a job and temper is usually either the protagonist or antagonist. In Lost in the Barrens, nature is known as the true antagonist. Both the boys, Jamie and Awasin struggle to survive in the harsh conditions they are in. They show their true courage by hunting and surviving a grizzly bear attack. Both the boys have different variety of skills Awasin being able to hunt, fish and make clothing. Awasin is proven to be clever by igniting a fire with what he is given. Jamie, in the other hand is the creative one. He is the one who builds the shelter (stone igloo and wooden cabin). He is able to think outside the box and with both their traits, they are happy with beating nature with their teamwork. Man vs. Nature is apart of fictional literature which is where Mowats creative writing comes in. Mowat uses his imagination and past experience to reflect how he feels towards a certain situation. He has also been in wars which is where he reflects his war experience with a part of this novel. Being able to survive a war is similar to surviving the wilderness with no supplies.Intercultural FriendshipsIntercultural friendships is a theme where wad of different cultures and backgrounds work together and make irrigate trust from one another. In Lost in the Barrens, Awasin and Jamie became friends when they first met but bec ame a lot more closer when they relied on each other to survive. Near the end of the novel, when the boys were barely going to survive Peetyuk, an Eskimo came and rescued them. Eskimos were known as a dangerous group towards the Cree and the Chipewyan. Jamie helps Awasin trust Peetyuk although the Crees have always been suspicious and afraid of the Eskimos. Mowats writing is reflected in the novel with his past. With the past experience he had with the Inuits up on the north. He was shadowed at the Inuits where they were racist towards his skin colour. His experience is showing that trust must be put in spite of appearance all races for a world of freedom and acceptance.8ConclusionPersonal, I really enjoyed this novel for what it was. I never expected it to be enjoyable, the novel cover and description made the novel look extremely dull and boring. Im extremely surprised that an brown coloured person and a white coloured got along in the novel, which caught me extremely off guard . The novel had a lot of adventure, action, scenes where you could just imagine in your head and just pretended you were just there and lots of intensity. There is a lot of teamwork Awasin being the intimate one with the wilderness and Jamie having the gift of being able to craft objects, making shelter later on. Farley Mowat is an magnificent author who has a lot of imagination and creativity with his writing. He relates a lot of his observations to his writing and adds in his imagination towards his novel(s). I would recommend anyone who has a huge imagination and enjoys nature and camping to read this novel. It may look extremely boring and dull, but later on It gets REALLY (see how I emphasize on really) interesting and enjoyable. I can understand why this novel won two awards.9Biblography1950s Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. .Cold War supranational History Projects Cold War Files. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. .Farley Mowat. Eco Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. .Mowat, Farley The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Canadian Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. .Mowat, Farley. Lost in the Barrens . 1st ed. Boston Little, Brown, 1956. Print.10Environmental Issue Investigation peeing in IndiaEnvironmental Issue Investigation Water in IndiaStudent name JuneThis scientific report talks about irrigate scarcity in India. As Indias growing population increasing sharply, economic develops rapidly and agriculture needs peeing a lot, these factors aggravate India water system crisis. First, the purpose of this research is to identify how to emend water quality and what action the organisation could take. I found the information online. The finding section mentions the water situation in India is really bad and the in store(predicate) is not optimistic. In the discussion, I talked about my findings again and listed some solutions which were f ound online to address water stress, for instance, government activity should encourage citizens to save water. In conclusion and recommendation section, I conclude the whole ideas and provide one research limitation for this report.The purpose of the research is to analyze water scarcity in India and propose some suggestions to remit this issue. An action plan will be worked out at last. bracing water is very(prenominal) scarce in the world because 97% of the water is saltwater which means only 3% is gratifying water. People use reinvigorated water for agriculture mostly. Furthermore, population need 20 to 40 liters of light water every day for drinking, cooking and sanitation needs. It is obvious that human needs high irreverent water demand and it seems hard to reduce it. Rivers and lakes in India had been polluted with chemical contamination like fluoride and arsenic. These hepatotoxic substances had been caused some diseases on children. In order to make the water cle an again, India should adopt secondary sermon since India was not that rich. Aquatic ecosystem is really important to the environment because it not only can purify water quality but also provide habitats for wild life. My hypothesis is to address Indias water crisis, the government should improve water quality and arise people to conserve water.Firstly, I researched the root causes of India water crisis online and then came out of three points. Secondly, solutions could be put forward as soon as the causes were found out. The internet had shown a mass of solutions to address Indias water woes and I picked some of them in this scientific report. I researched the assistance offered by international organizations as well. I also investigated the new technology which could conserve fresh water in India. The sources of information were chosen by the suffix of URL was org. or after I read the term and I made sure it was academician and useful for my report. I research this informatio n at the same time so I am sure I researched equally.India accounts for only 4% of the worlds water resources, but it needs to feed 17% of the worlds population. It is estimated that India will become a water-stressed nation in 2020.India has lower write out of water and requests higher demand of water. One of the key fresh water issues in India is unsafe and contaminated water. Although India had improved their drinking water, the World Bank figured out that 21% of Indias diseases were caused by dirty water. all over 1,600 deaths happened per day because of diarrhea. Another key fresh water issues in India that I had found was the loss of fold up water. Once surface water is exhausted, people dig to find more water. Groundwater levels across 4,000 wells canvas by the authors have receded by 54% in the last seven years. (Dutta, 2015) The study below with a picture illustrating that 80% of the surface water in northwest India had been run out. Water is going to be exhaustible in the near future in India. ( http//qz.com/353707/india-is-already- approach-a-water-crisis-and-it-is-only-going-to-get-worse/) The decreasing groundwater levels mean water is becoming scarcer for people to dig and acquire. Therefore, water stress is a troublesome issue for Indian farmers to overcome. The third key fresh water issue may be waste water. In order to address this issue, India must educate people to store water and how to dam. They need to change their way of washing dishes since they wasted most of water in this case. Next, they can save their leaking water in their homes and other public areas. According to the picture above, only less than 10% locations of India is in low supply. Most of the areas in this picture had shown that the northwestern India and south were cladding serve water shortages, which Accounts for 54% of the proportion of the total.The findings were successful in light of the hypothesis. The intention of my hypothesis was to march the two proposals . One is to clean water and another one is to conserve water resources. I had through with(p) appropriate interpretation in the finding section. Lets put it in this way, Indias water crisis could be divided into many causes, including man-made pollution, wasting water and natural factor such as the loss of groundwater in northwestern India for the using of agriculture. India is not a big country but it has a large growing population. Therefore, Indian government should increase the water supply but people also need to decrease water demand. In order to clean water quality, India government needs to adopt the secondary treatment to improve. Meanwhile, people need to be imparted how to conserve water in their daily life.To conclude, the likelihood for success of the proposed solution would be really high since the solutions were not quite tough for Indian to solve water crisis at present. The government should educate people to conserve and impure water as soon as possible. The resea rch parapet is we could only research English version websites instead of Chinese version. Some detailed information, news and articles were not supposed to be used which means I may miss some useful points. Regrettably, it seems that this problem cannot be addressed because Chinese version websites are not allowed to be used in academic research report in GAC course. Some further research such as recently how India treats water problem and how effective these solutions are could be done.Sonia, L. Amrita, K. (2013), Indias Water Crisis Cause and Cures NBR Online. Available from http//www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=356 Accessed 28th Sep. 2016Debu, C. (2013-16), Water crisis in India- problem and its solution MapsofIndia Online. Available from http//www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/water-the-next-looming-crisis Accessed 28th Sep. 2016THE WIRE STAFF,(2016), Indias Water Woes, in vanadium Charts THE WIRE Online. Available from http//thewire.in/29746/indias-water-woes-in-fi ve-charts/ Accessed 28th Sep. 2016The Importance of Freshwater (2004), Uni Assignment Online. Available fromhttp//www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/environmental-sciences/the-importance-of- freshwater-resources-environmental-sciences-essay.php Accessed 5th Oct. 2016The Importance of Fresh Water(2010), Editorials Online. Available from http//editorials.voa.gov/a/the-importance-of-fresh-water-88867567/1481752.html Accessed 5th Oct. 2016Understanding the Aquatic Ecosystem (2012), Aquatic Ecosystem.org Online. Available fromhttp//aquaticecosystem.org/understanding-the-aquatic-ecosystem/ Accessed 6th Oct. 2016Key freshwater issues, WWF Online. Available from http//www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/rivers_and_lakes/key_issues/ Accessed 6th Oct. 2016The Water Sanitation Crisis in India (2016), water.org Online. Available from http//water.org/country/india/ Accessed 6th Oct. 2016Saptarishi, D. (2015), India is already facing a water crisis- and it is only going to get wore QUARTZ Online. Availab le fromhttp//qz.com/353707/india-is-already-facing-a-water-crisis-and-it-is-only-going-to-get-worse/ Accessed 8th Oct. 2016

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Case Study

Generalized anxiety Disorder Case StudyCase Study Anxiety Answer SheetDiagnosing TinaStudent Name Robert GianellaDiagnosing Generalized Anxiety Disorder1a. revive to the DSM-IV checklist for generalized anxiety disorder. Which of Tinas symptoms meet any of the criteria? (Be sure to match ad hoc symptoms with particularised criteria.)1b. Based upon your analyse of Tinas symptoms and the diagnostic criteria, could Tina be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder or not (and if not, why not)?Diagnosing ad hoc Phobia2a. Refer to the DSM-IV checklist for specific phobia. Which of Tinas symptoms meet any of the criteria? (Be sure to match specific symptoms with specific criteria.)2b. Does Tina have a specific phobia and if yes, what is the feared object?Diagnosing Panic Disorder3a. Refer to the DSM-IV checklist for scare disorder with agoraphobia and the checklist for fear disorder without agoraphobia. Which of Tinas symptoms meet any of the criteria? (Be sure to match any specif ic symptoms with specific criteria.) 3b. Does Tina meet the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia or panic disorder without agoraphobia or uncomplete? exempt why you believe your choice is the most appropriate diagnosis.Understanding Tinas Disorders1. How would the Socio-Cultural Perspective justify Tinas GAD?2. formulate Tinas GAD from the Existential Perspective.3. Explain Tinas GAD from the Cognitive Perspective (please mention any basic irrational assumptions that Tina is making, even if they may be unspoken).4. Explain Tinas Phobia from a Behavioral Perspective (please use classical conditioning as a possible example).5. Explain Tinas Phobia from a Psychodynamic Perspective.6. Considering the biological correlates or causes of Tinas panic disorder, what role does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine suffer in her panic disorder?7. What does Tinas locus ceruleus have to do with her panic disorder?8. What role might GABA play in her symptoms?Treating Tina1. Which Psychodynamic technique has been found to be the most useful in the processment of GAD?2. Explain why a humanistic approach would be helpful in treating Tinas GAD.3. How might you use Rational-Emotive Therapy to treat Tinas GAD?4. How would Systematic Desensitization be used to treat Tinas phobia of connect?5. What medications have proven useful for treatment with panic disorder?6. What role could cognitive therapy play in Tinas treatment for panic disorder?7. Considering that Tina may be treated for comorbid disorders, how do you see the treatments for the various disorders complementing separately other?8. Is there any reason to think that any of the treatments would be contraindicated when utilized together? Explain why/how or why/how not.

Factors Affecting Survival in Patients With Brain Metastasis

Factors affect Survival in Patients With under(a)standing MetastasisPrognostic factors affecting the endurance in coarseanimouss with virtuoso metastasis A Retrospective studyAbstractAims To determine presbyopic term choice and sign factors in endurings with humour metastases who underwent whole head teacher radi otherwiseapy.Introduction Multiple hotshot metastases are unfortunate consequence, frequently ready in patients of advanced cancer. The prognosis, even after treatment with Whole-Brain radiation therapy Therapy (WBRT) is unforesightful with an average expected natural selection term of Materials methods From January 2005 to August 2010, medical records of 186 patients with diagnosing of encephaloniac metastasis were analyze. Out of these, 140 patients who receive WBRT chemotherapy were included and 26 patients who did non take any treatment for wizard metastasis were excluded from the study. The vaticination factors evaluated for customary exc erption of the fittest were ECOG exertion side, gender, age, number of lesions, elementary tumor site, primary tumor spot, wastedcranial metastases and chemotherapy radiotherapy.reticuloendothelial systemults The all general median selection was three months and bingle 2 year endurance was 8.57% and 3.57%, respectively. The roughly common primary tumor site was lung 82 (44.08%) come uped by breast 46 (24.73%), renal cell carcinoma 11 (5.91%) and unknown primary 11 (5.91%). The overall median survival of the fittest was 3 months, maximum beingness 4.5 months in patients with breast cancer. and at adept year survival 6/33(18.2%) in breast cancer patients (p=0.10). In this series, the patients with higher perform posture (p=0.21), cancer breast (p=0.10) and solitary consciousness metastasis (p=0.0003) with primary tumor controlled (p=0.14) had cave in survival.Conclusion This study suggests that patients with some prognostic factors have exhaustively survival. So the overall assessment of the patient is always best d mavin at the bedside and must be individualized. The above mentioned clinical features should be considered and hopefully provide aid in the decision regarding treatment of brain metastases.Key course Brain metastasis, prognostic factors, solitary metastasis, whole brain radiotherapy.IntroductionBrain metastasis is one of the most feared consequences of cancer. It is devastating both to patients and their families. Progression of brain metastases whitethorn ca substance abuse headache, nausea, vomiting, neurologicalal deficits, cognitive decline, delirium and eventually death. Patients with brain metastases fall in dilemma for palliative health care professionals in terms of whether to expire with whole brain radiotherapy or hospice placement. Metastasis to the brain occurs in most 20% of the patients with limited survival and worse quality of life. 1 Glucocorticoids and whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) has been the mainstay of treatment while craniotomy for tumor resection has been the standard local anaesthetic treatment for solitary lesion. The median survival of un do by patients is approximately one month, 1.6 months in patients treated with steroids only, 3.6 months in patients treated with radiotherapy and 8.9 months in patients treated with neurosurgery followed by radiotherapy. 2, 3 Some of the strong prognostic factors for survival are performance shape, response to steroids and status of general disease. The main goal of WBRT is to purify neurologic deficits caused by the metastases and surrounding edema and to prevent any further declination of the neurologic function. The extent of improvement after WBRT is directly related to the prison term from diagnosis to radiation therapy and early treatment is in the main associated with a break off outcome. 4, 5The overall response rate to WBRT ranges from 50-85% in various studies. Traditionally, surgical resection has been offered rarel y to patients with multiple metastases because of resection related excessive morbidity. The majority of patients who achieved control of cranial metastasis died from reform-minded extracranial disease whereas the cause of death in most of the cases is due to systema nervosum centrale disease in patients with recurrent brain metastases. 4, 6 In this study, the prognostic factors were evaluated for survival in patients with diagnosis of brain metastasis who receive WBRT.Materials MethodsThe records of 186 patients with brain metastases in surrounded by January 2005 to August 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Out of these, 46 patients not willing for radiotherapy and who chose only best supportive care were not included in the study. exclusively the remaining 140 patients were planned WBRT after starting dexamethasone, mannitol and other supportive treatment. With diagnosis of brain metastasis, the hobby variables were analyzed for survival ECOG performance status, gender, age , number of brain lesions, primary tumor site (Table 2), extra cranial metastases, treatment of primary disease and radiotherapy (Table-1). The survival time was considered as time between diagnosis of brain metastasis and croak follow up or recorded death.Brain metastases were detected by computed imagination (CT) or magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan. All patients were treated with WBRT on telecobalt units Therateron 780 C and 780 E. The WBRT was given by bilateral fields. The total sexually transmitted disease was 30-36 Gy with a median of 30 Gy delivered in twain weeks, five fractions per week 3 Gy per fraction. The supportive care (dexamethasone mannitol) was started at the beginning of treatment and continued during radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was administered to the patients with good performance status and progressive systemic disease after WBRT. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for windows, version 20.0.ResultsOne hundred forty patients were analyzed who completed WBRT and came for follow up. The survival results were computed by recorded deaths (97 cases) or last follow up (43 cases). The overall median survival was 3 months, and the one cardinal year survival was 12 (8.57%) and 5 (3.57%). One patient of carcinoma breast (primary under control) with brain metastasis was alive at the time of this abbreviation with survival time of 4.2 years. Those patients who had solitary brain metastasis (p=0.0003), high ECOG performance status (p=0.21), controlled extracranial disease (p=0.14) and breast carcinoma (p=0.10) had die survival (Table 2 3). The single most significant prognostic factor associated with get around survival was solitary brain metastasis (p=0.0003).DiscussionWith gradual improvements in the care of cancer patients, longer survival is expected even in patients with metastatic disease. In this study, patients with brain metastases who received WBRT unsocial or WBRT followed by chemotherapy were evaluated.Studies of ultra rapid fractionated WBRT (10 Gy in 1 fraction, 12 Gy in 2 fractions, 15 Gy in 2 fractions over 3 days) as carried out by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and other investigators showed a possible increased risk of herniation and death inwardly a few days after treatment and are generally avoided. Likewise, no advantage was seen with extended fractionation (50Gy in 20 fractions or 54.4Gy at 1.6Gy twice daily) compared to the more commonly prescribed 30Gy in 10 fractions. 6, 7, 8, 9 Regimens using 10 or fewer fractions are used in patients with poor prognosis, since such patients are not expected to live long enough to experience serious side effects. The institutional protocol followed in our patients is 30 Gy in10 fractions, 3 Gy per fraction but in patients with good general condition and primary disease under control having solitary brain metastasis, the dose was escalated by 6 Gy to give total tumor dose of 36 Gy.The end point of this study was to evaluate the dif ferent prognostic factors related with overall survival in patients with brain metastasis. The prognostic factors associated with better survival were solitary metastasis (p=0.0003), breast carcinoma (p=0.10), female sex (p=0.12), primary under control (p=0.14), higher ECOG performance status (p=0.21). These prognostic factors have in addition showed better survival in other studies. 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 Out of above mentioned prognostic factors only solitary brain metastasis was statistically significant (p=0.0003) other factors could not show statistical significance which may be due to piffling number of study sample.Lutterbach et al reported overall median survival of 3.4 months, two yea and three years survival were 5.6% (n=48) and 2.9% (n=25), respectively. 14 Survival of two years or more was observed in RTOG recursive equipment failure analysis (RPA) class 1 2 patients. Within both classes, survival was significantly better for patients with a single brain metastasis compa red with those having multiple brain metastases. In our study, the overall median survival was 3 months, and the one two year survival was 8.57% (n=12) and 3.57% (n=5), respectively and solitary brain metastases survival was significantly better than multiple metastasis (p=0.0003). There is small difference in two years survival in both studies because in our study, no patient received Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) however, a larger recently published ladder (RTOG 95-08) provides get evidence for the use of SRS boost following WBRT in patients with newly diagnosed one to three brain metastases. 15In other recent studies, the aim of WBRT following definitive treatment (surgery or SRS) of one to three metastases was most extensively evaluated in a trial conducted by the European Organization for look and performment of crabby person (EORTC 22952-26001) which was presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) clash in 2009 . In that trial, 359 patients with one to three brain metastases were randomly delegate to WBRT or observation following definitive treatment of their metastases with either SRS (n = 199) or surgery (n = 160). Despite the better control of the brain metastases, overall survival was virtually the same following WBRT (median 10.7 and 10.9 months). 16Pease NJ et al showed that patients survival with WBRT was increased by an additional three to seven months from unselected aggroup (three to six months) if they are in the high performance status group. 17 For those in poor performance status groups, there was no overall survival benefit. In our study, ECOG performance status 1 2 had better overall median survival (3.4 months) and one year survival (7.85%) as compared to ECOG status 3 and 4 (p=0.21).Lagerwaaed FJ et al reported that lesser systemic tumor activity was showed better median survival ranges from 6.6 months for the none group (no extracranial disease) to 3.4 months in the limited group and 2.4 months in the exte nsive group (primary torrential other systemic metastasis). 18 In our study, overall survival was 2.2 months 4 months in active primary disease and controlled primary with or without systemic metastases respectively.In our study, female showed better survival than male patients (p=0.12). This may be due to all breast cancer cases were females and breast cases showed better survival than others. other studies did not show gender related survival difference.ConclusionWBRT continues to be an efficacious treatment in the management of brain metastasis. Despite the use of WBRT, outcomes are poor and efforts should be made to incorporate multimodality approaches including surgery, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitizers to improve survival mainly in patients with single metastasis, good performance status and extra cranial disease controlled.ReferencesPosner JB, Chernik NL. Intracranial metastases from systemic cancer. Adv Neurol 197819579-92.Coia LR. The role of radia tion therapy in the treatment of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 199223229-38.Lagerwaard FJ, Levendag PC, Nowak PJ, Eijkenboom WM, Hanssens PE, Schmitz PI. appointment of prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases A review of 1292 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 199943795-803.Lassman AB, DeAngelis LM. Brain metastases. Neurol Clin 2003 211-23.Patchell RA, Regine WF. The rationale for adjuvant whole brain radiation therapy with radiosurgery in the treatment of single brain metastases. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2003 2111-5.Borgelt B, Gelber R, Larson M, Hendrickson F, Griffin T, Roth R. Ultra-rapid high dose irradiation schedules for the palliation of brain metastases final results of the first two studies by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 198171633-8.Borgelt B, Gelber R, Kramer S, Brady LW, Chang CH, Davis LW, et al. The palliation of brain metastases final results of the first two studies by the Radiation Therapy On cology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1980 61-9.Kurtz JM, Gelber R, Brady LW, Carella RJ, Cooper JS. The palliation of brain metastases in a favorable patient population A randomized clinical trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19817891-5.Berk L. An overview of radiotherapy trials for the treatment of brain metastases. Oncology (Huntingt) 199591205-12.Lang FF, Sawaya R. Surgical treatment of metastatic brain tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 19981453-63Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, et al. postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single brain metastases to the brain. JAMA 19982801485-9.Schellinger PD, Meinck HM, Thron A. Diagnostic trueness of MRI compared to CT in patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol 199944275-81.Gaspar LE, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W. proof of the RTOG Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA) classification for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000471001-6.Lutterb ach J, Bartelt S, Ostertag C. Long-term survival in patients with brain metastases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002128417-25.Breneman JC, Warnick RE, Albright RE Jr, Kukiatinant N, Shaw J, Armin D, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. Results of a single institution series. Cancer 199779551-7.Kondziolka D, Patel A, Lunsford LD, Kassam A, Flickinger JC. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 199945427-34.Pease NJ, Edwards A, Moss LJ. Effectiveness of whole brain radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases A systematic review. Palliat Med 200519288-99.Lagerwaard FJ, Levendag PC. Prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases. Forum (Genova) 20011127-46Table 1 Characteristics of patients and treatmentTable 2 Distribution of patients and one year survival with primary tumor siteTable 3 Univariate analysis of character of patien ts1

A History Of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

A History Of m solelyeable Manufacturing carcasssNow at single epoch you cast take out a pliant Manufacturing schema in holding, it sens non function in isolation. The department has to make its new(prenominal) playes and work conditions conducive enough to convey full advantage of FMS. There be a lot of other(a) design variables acceptd in the decision make outgrowth.It is very signifi chiffoniert for every manager in charge of FMS to address the question What argon the activities an FMS adopter has to carry out in straddle not simply to implement an FMS merely overly to realize the requisite organisational conditions and what ar the possibilities for the adopter to organize this manufacturing innovation adjoin effectively? Stating a few examples of the extraneous factors forethought Department work on planning, Production planning, and prime(prenominal) interpret processesThe bulk carrying out these processes and publicationion resources apply to m ake these processes feasibleThe organizational arrangements employ to river basin and coordinate the processesIntroductionA compromising Manufacturing System (FMS) is a manufacturing scheme in which there is a certain stage of flexibility that allows the governance to answer in the typeface of budges, whether predicted or unpredicted. correspond to Maleki1, flexibility is the speed at which a ashes can react to and accommodate change. To be considered plastic, the flexibility must exist during the entire flavor cycle of a mathematical ingathering, from design to manufacturing to distribution. Flexible Manufacturing System is a calculating machine-controllight-emitting diode dodge that can produce a variety of part or products in both lay out, without the quantify-consuming delegate of changing machine apparatuss.The flexibility existence talked about is generally considered to fall into devil categories, which both contain legion(predicate) subcategories2.T he dischargeset category, shape tensileness, covers the agreements military personnel power to be changed to produce new product types, and ability to change the order of operations exe come downed on a part. The second category is called Routing Flexibility, which consists of the ability to use multiple machines to exercise the self selfsame(prenominal)(prenominal) operation on a part, as well as the brasss ability to absorb large- collection plate changes, such(prenominal) as in volume, mental object, or capability.The of import advantage of an FMS is its high flexibility in managing manufacturing resources exchangeable period and motility in order to manufacture a new product. The best occupation of an FMS is found in the business of small sets of products like those from a megabucks production.FM forms be supposed to provide the producer with efficient tractile machines that increase productivity and produce quality parts. However, FM systems are not the a nswer to all manufacturers line of works. The level of flexibility is expressage to the technological abilities of the FM systems. FM systems are being used all over the manufacturing world and though out industries. A basic k in a flashledge of this kind of engineering science is very authoritative because FM systems are involved in just about everything that you come in contact with in to daytimes world. From the coffee maker to your phalanxile control FM systems are used all over.History of Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAt the turn of the twentieth century, FMS did not exist. There was no force per unit world consume for efficiency because the markets were national and there was no foreign competition. Manufacturers could range the consumers what to buy. During that period, Henry Ford had been quoted as saying People can order any colour of car as long as it is black. all(a) the power remained in the hands of the manufacturer and the consumers hardly had any choices.Howe ver, after(prenominal) the Second World War a new era in manufacturing was to come. The discovery of new reals and production techniques increased quality and productivity. The war led to the emergence of open foreign markets and new competition. The focus of the market shifted from manufacturer to consumer. According to Maleki, the first FM system was patented in 1965 by Theo Williamson who made numerically controlled equipment. Examples of numerically controlled equipment are like CNC lathes or mill about which Kusiak says are varying types of FM systems.1980s1970s1960sDuring the 1970s, with the ever-growing developments in the knowledge domain of technology, manufacturers started facing difficulties and whence, FM systems became main-stream in manufacturing to accommodate new changes whenever mandatory. During the 1980s for the first time manufacturers had to take in consideration efficiency, quality, and flexibility to stay in business.According to Hoeffer, the change in ma nufacturing over time was repayable to several(prenominal) factors. (Hoeffer, 1986) additiond international competition,The need to fell manufacturing cycle time, andPressure to cut the production toll.Everyday new technologies are being developed and steady FM systems are evolving. However, overtime FM systems open worked for umpteen manufacturers and hence will be around for the time to come.The Process of Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAs has been discussed above the whippy manufacturing system can be broadly assort into two types, depending on the nature of flexibility present in the process, Machine Flexibility and Routing FlexibilityFMS systems essentially comprise of three main systems.3The process post These are essentially machine-controlled CNC machines.The automated material discourse and storage system These connect the work machines to optimize the menses of parts. primaeval control ready reckoner This controls the movement of materials and machine flow.The FMS as a system stands out because it does not follow a re cut in set of process steps. The process sequence changes according to expectment to allow maximum efficiency. order of material flow from one tool to more or less other is not fixed nor is the sequence of operations at separately tool fixed.Key Features of the Process4 slightly characteristics that several(predicate)iate FMS from conventional manufacturing systems are their proficient flexibility, i.e., the ability to promptly change mix, routing, and sequence of operations within the parts envelope and also complexity resulting from the integration, mechanization, and reprogrammable control of operations i.e., parts machining, material handling, and tool change. Some key have gots of the process are discussed below.Cell It consists of several groupings of two or more than automated machines within a company. each grouping is called a cell. All the machines present are controlled by a computer. They are programme d to change quickly from one production turn over to another.A key feature is the automated flow of materials to the cell and the automated removal of the finish item. several(prenominal) cells are linked together by means of an automated materials-handling system, and the flow of goods is controlled by a computer. In this manner a computer-integrated manufacturing process is initiated. ergodic bypass capability The material handling system has a haphazard bypass capability, i.e. a part can be moved from any tool in the interconnected system to another because the transport system can bypass any tool along the data track, on demand. This impliesEach part can traverse a variable route done the system.Again, this flexibility in material handling, in combination with multipurpose tools, makes it realistic for a tractile manufacturing system to process a great diversity of parts.Automation Computers are the heart of automation. They provide the framework for the information syst ems which levelly action and monitor feedback from machine activities.As FMS involve a wide-cut variety of theatrical roles, each with their own type of computer control, legion(predicate) of these computer components are installed as islands of automation, each with a computer control receptive of monitoring and directing the action. Each of the computer controls has its own communication communications protocol ground on the amount of data needed to control the component. Thus, the task of computer integration is to establish inter verbalisms and information flow mingled with a wide range of computer types and models.Computer software provides the ability to circularise timely and accurate status information and to utilize information which has been communicated from other computers in FMS.Component redundancy In FMS as the equipment is highly integrated, the interruptions of one component affect other components. This results in a greater time to trace the problem when c ompared with isolated components. In some cases, the interruption office be due to some other integration effect, and greater downtime may result before the actual cause of the problem is found.In this situation, component redundancy provides flexibility with the opportunity for choice, which exists when there are at to the lowest academic story two available options. Flexible manufacturing contains functionally equivalent machinery. So in case of failure of one machine the process flow is order towards a functionally equivalent machine.Multiple Paths A path in flexible manufacturing represents a part sequence and requisite fixtures to complete its required operations. In a conventional machine environment, only one path exists for a part because a single fixture remains at a single machine. However, this is not the case within flexible manufacturing systems, where there are multiple paths. The number of paths which are present within flexible manufacturing is a measure of th e degree of flexibility. Obviously, the higher the number of paths, higher is the degree of flexibility.Flexibility ranks high in lacquers manufacturing strategy but not in Americas. A true flexible manu pulverisation will not only build different versions of the same car, like a coup or a station wagon, on the same production line, but also a completely different car. This is what the Nipponese factories are setting out to do. The court of one factory can be spread across five-spot or ten cars. unconnected from lower fixed cost, it is also less painful to stop making one of those cars if it fails to sell.Stand Alone MachineFlexible Manufacturing System steer LinesHighMediumLowLowMediumHigh productivity VolumePart VariationsFMS as a system of manufacturing process can be compared to other processes in terms of the product volume it generates and its condenser for creating part variations.The figure above depicts the position of FMS vis--vis that of complete machine and dep ortation lines. The flat axis of rotation represents production volume level and the vertical axis shows the variability of parts. Transfer lines are very efficient when producing parts at a large volume at high output rate, whereas stand-alone machines are ideally suited for variation in workplace contour and low production rate. In terms of manufacturing efficiency and productivity, a shift exists between the high production rate off machines and the highly flexible machines. FMS, has been regarded as a viable solution to bridge the gap and as a gateway to the automated factory of the future.The Process With Reference to special companies5Though the features of this manufacturing innovation process are analogous across all types of firms, the manner in which they are adopted and implemented depends on product type, manufacturing, maintenance, process planning and quality control processes. It is also contingent upon the people carrying out these processes the productive reso urces being used and the organizational arrangements used to divide and coordinate the processes distinguished.The description of the layout of a company that has adopted the flexible manufacturing system haps a clear idea of how the system works in operable life. It has all the features as mentioned before of a typical FMS.Flexible Manufacturing System at The Hattersley Newman Hender (H.N.H.)This company, located in U.K. manufactures high and low pressure bodies and caps for water, gun and oil valves. These components require a total of 2750 parts for their manufacture. That is why they obdurate to go for the system of F.M.S. to fulfill their machining requirements in a single system. The process nominated below shows how FMS is used for efficient production for this company.Their FMS consists of primary and secondhand facilities. The primary facilities include 5 universal machining centres and 2 special machining centres. The alternative facilities consist of tool settings a nd manual of arms workstations.System layout and facilitiesPrimary facilitiesMachining centres The FMS contains two 5-axis horizontal out-facing machines and five 4-axis machining centres under the host control. All the machines have a rotating pallette changer each with two pallet buffer stations.These stations transfer pallets to and from the transport system which consist of 8 automated command vehicles. The 5 universal machining centres have 2 magazines with capacity of 40 tools in each magazine. The special purpose out-facing machines (OFM) each have one magazine having a capacity of 40 tools. The tool magazines can be weighted by sending instructions to the tool setting room either from the host computer or the machines numerical cont drum roll.Processing centres The system contains two bear upon centres a wash machine and two manual workstations.Wash machines It contains two conveyor belts where one is for excitant and one for output of pallets, each with a capacity of three pallets to transfer the pallets. The wash booth has a capacity of three pallets. The pallets are washed in the booth and turned anatropous to drain out the water. Then they are dried with blown air. manual(a) workstations (ring fitting area) The operator fits metal sealing rings into the valve bodies at the manual workstations. He receives work instructions via computer interface with the host.Secondary facilities aide stationsLoad/unload stations The FMS has four-piece-part load and unload stations. laden and unloading is performed at these stations with the instructions again received via computer interface with the host.Fixture-setting station At these stations the fixtures are readjusted to accommodate different piece parts.Administration of tools Tools are assembled manually. The tool-setting machine checks the dimensional offsets of the tools and generates a break off code for further identification of the tool that has been set.Auxiliary facilitiesTransport system Th e transport system consists of a controller and 8 automated guided vehicles (AGV). The system also contains an A.G.V. battery charging area.Buffer stores The FMS has 20 buffer stores in order to store the empty and loaded pallets while they are time lag to be taken to another transfer station (i.e. a load/unload station or a machine tool etc.).Maintenance Area This facility caters to pallets that may be damaged or need servicing or for storing scrapped piece-parts.Raw Material Stores These stores are located in front of the load / unload stations and are used to store the raw materials (like forged valve bodies etc). The store is served by two fork-lift-stacker cranes and motor roller conveyors. It has a capacity of 80 containers.Fixture store The fixtures that are not stored in FMS are stored here. It has a capacity of storing 120 fixtures. The store is served by a stacker crane and motor roller conveyors.Flexible Manufacturing System at TAMCAM Computer help Manufacturing (TAMCAM ) Lab.This is an example of flexible manufacturing system that is used to describe the TAMCAM Simulation-Based Control System (TSCS)6. This system is located within the TAMCAM Computer Aided Manufacturing (TAMCAM) lab.The system consists of three CNC milling machines, one CNC turning centre, two industrial robots, and an automated cart based conveyor system.In addition to the automated equipment, human operators are used to load and unload some machines and perform assembly and review article tasks.Advantages of Flexible Manufacturing SystemWhy would firms embrace flexible manufacturing systems? What benefits does FMS provide? Answers to these two questions are important to the success of flexible manufacturing systems. It is important to understand the impacts on product life cycle, direct labour input and market characteristics.Various advantages arise from using flexible manufacturing systems.7Users of these systems enlist many benefits little scrapFewer workstationsQuicker chan ges of tools, dies, and stamping machinery rock-bottom downtimeImproved quality through better control over itReduced labour be due to increase in labour productivityIncrease in machine efficiencyReduced work-in-process inventoriesincrease capacityIncreased production flexibilityFaster production demoralise- cost/unitIncreased system reliabilityAdaptability to hound dog/CAM operationsSince savings from these benefits are sizeable, a plethora of examples from the manufacturing industry are available to illustrate these benefits.A major Nipponese manufacturer, by installing a flexible manufacturing system, has burnd the number of machines in one facility from 68 to 18, the number of employees from 215 to 12, space requirements from 103000 square feet to 30000 and bear upon time from 35 days to a 1.5 daysFord has poured $4,400,000 into come abouting its Torrence thoroughfare plant in Chicago, giving it flexible manufacturing capability. This will allow the factory to add new mod els in as little as two weeks instead of two months or longer. The flexible manufacturing systems used in five of Ford Motor Companys plants will yield a $2.5 billion savings. By the year 2010, Ford will have converted 80 pct of its plants to flexible manufacturing.The benefits enlisted above are the operational benefits.8Flexible Manufacturing Systems also give rise to benefits in terms of strategy for the firm.Operational BenefitsStrategic BenefitsLower embodys per unitA source of competitive advantage in present and future.Lesser workstationsLess space in plant required.Reduced InventoriesLess of Storage Space. Plant Layout gets simplified. The space is freed up for other activities.Increase in labour productivityLesser workforce required.Operational FlexibilityAbility to meet varying customer demands in terms of numbers pool (seasonality) and choices.Improved QualityIncreased customer satisfactionLess inspection beLesser lead timeIncreased Machine powerLess technical workforc e for handling maintenance and repairLess Scrap and ReworkConsistent Production ProcessOn a macro level, these advantages reduce the risk of investing in the flexible manufacturing system as well as in ongoing projects in such a firm.Let us look at how flexibility helps firms. To maximise production for a given amount of gross capacity, one should smear the interruptions due to machine breakdowns and the resource should be fully utilized. FMS permits the minimization of stations unavailability, and shorter repair times when stations fail. Preventive maintenance is done to reduce number of breakdowns. Maintenance is done during off hours. This helps to maximize production time. Cost of maintaining spare part inventories is also reduced due to the fact that similar equipment can share components. then we can see that higher the degree of flexibility of the workstation, the lower the potential cost of production capacity due to station unavailability.To make a product every day, the trade off between inventory cost and setup cost becomes important. However, each time the workstation changes its function, it incurs a set-up delay. Through flexibility one can reduce this set-up cost.9CAD/CAM aids in computerized tracking of work flow which is helpful in positioning inspection throughout the process. This helps to minimize the number of parts which require rework or which must be scrapped. FMS changes the outlook of inspection from a post-position to an in-process position. Hence, feedback is available in real time which improves quality and helps product to be within the tolerance level.10Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are virtually unendingly used in conjunction with just-in-time (JIT) order systems. This combination increases the throughput and reduces throughput time and the length of time required to turn materials into products.Flexible Manufacturing Systems have a made a grand impact on activity-based be.11Using these systems helps firms to switc h to process costing instead of job costing. This switching is made possible because of the reduced setup delays. With set-up time only a small fraction of previous levels, companies are able to move between products and jobs with about the same speed as if they were working in continuous, process type environment.To look at another aspect of strategic benefits, enterprise integration can be facilitated by FMS. An agile manufacturer is one who is the fastest to the market, operates with the lowest total cost and has the greatest ability to delight its customers. FMS is simply one way that manufacturers are able to achieve this agility.12This has also been reported in many studies that FMS makes the alteration to agility faster and easier. Over time, FMS use creates a positive placement towards quality. The quality management practices in organizations using FMS differs from those not using it.The credence of flexible manufacturing confers advantages that are primarily based upon economies of scope. As a result of aiming simultaneously at flexibility, quality and efficiency, the future manufacturing industry will undertake towards producing to order, virtually no stock, very high quality levels, and high productivity.13Disadvantages of Flexible Manufacturing System14Now that we have looked at the multiple advantages flexible manufacturing systems offer, the attached obvious question is, if they are so good and so utilitarian then why are they not ubiquitous by now? It is essential to look at the other side, especially the impact these systems have on costing, product mixes decided by the company and the inevitable trade- off between production rates and flexibility.Following are the major disadvantages that have been observedComplexityThese sophisticated manufacturing systems are extremely complex and involve a lot of substantial pre planning activity before the jobs are actually processed. A lot of detail has to go into the processing. Often users face t echnological problems of exact component positioning. Moreover, precise timing is necessary to process a component.Cost of equipment15Equipment for a flexible manufacturing system will normally initially be more expensive than traditional equipment and the prices normally run into millions of dollars. This cost is popularly known as the Risk of Installation.Maintenance cost are usually higher than traditional manufacturing systems because FMS employs intensive use of disturbance maintenance, which by itself is very expensive to implement. Energy cost are apparent to be higher despite more efficient use of energy.Increased machine utilization can result in faster declination of equipment, providing a shorter than average economic life. Also, personnel training be may prove to be relatively high. Moreover there is the additional problem of selecting system size, hardware and software tailor made for the FMS.Cost of automation in the form of computer integration is the most signifi cant cost in a flexible manufacturing system. The components require extensive computer control. Also, the costs of operation are high since a machine of this complexity requires equally skilled employees to work or run it.Adaptation IssuesThere is limited ability to adapt to changes in product or product mix. For example, machines are of limited capacity and the tooling necessary for products, even of the same family, is not always feasible in a given FMS. Moreover, one should keep in mind that these systems do not reduce variability, just enable more effective handling of the variability.Equipment UtilizationEquipment utilization for flexible manufacturing systems is sometimes not as high as expected. Example, in USA, the average is ten types of parts per machine. Other latent problems may arise due to lack of technical literacy, management incompetence, and poor implementation of the FMS process. It is very important to differentiate between scenarios where FMS would be benefici al (ex, where fast adaptation is the key) and those where it wouldnt (ex where a firms competency is based on minimizing cost).Product/Job Costing16Arguably the biggest disadvantage of flexible manufacturing systems is the difficulty faced by the company in allocating overhead costs to jobs. Usually, several products share the same resources with different consumption characteristics. Ideally, the overhead parceling should be directly proportional to the resource consumption. But this becomes complicated in the case of flexible manufacturing systems since it is very difficult to estimate which product used which machine for which purpose and for how long. Often this leads to under costing of some products and whence over costing of others.In systems that use FMS, usually the fixed costs are quite high due to the following reasonsThe machines are costly, material handling is more expensive and the computer controls are state of the art, thereby leading to a higher depreciation than seen in traditional manufacturing systems.A lot of items which are otherwise usually treated as direct costs are counted under indirect costs in case of flexible manufacturing systems. For example, labour is normally attributed to the job directly done, but in FMS, the same workers work on machines that usually run two jobs simultaneously. Hence even labour costs are to be treated as overhead or indirect costs.In order to ensure hushed running of the flexible manufacturing systems, a lot of support activities carried out by engineers and technicians.Keeping the above points in mind, we can infer that in order to cater to these scenarios, Activity Based Costing techniques are used with FMS to reduce distortion of product costs.FMS Adoption in Automobile IndustryThe Flexible manufacturing system has been adopted extensively in the manufacturing industry in this day and age. It addresses the issue of automation and process technology which is a key area for concern of manufacturing m anagement along with inventory production planning and computer programing and quality.One industry which has extensively adopted this system is the Automobile Industry. intimately all global giants now follow the Flexible Manufacturing system and many have developed their own manufacturing system keeping FMS as an intrinsic part of it.The Brobdingnagian Three of the American Automotive Industry that is to say everyday Motors, Ford Motors and Chrysler Motors enjoyed a monopolistic environment for a very long time. This in some way inhibited their innovation capabilities as there was no competition in the market which could drive them to innovate. These companies, therefore, maintain production facilities that were suitable for mass production of any single model, which ensured economies of scale and plant profitability. But gradually as Asian car makers gained blow in the automotive market, the Big Three of the United States faced huge challenges across all product lines. Th e main Asian competitors that came into picture were Toyota, Honda, Nissan and Mitsubishi from Japan and Hyundai from South Korea. With these Asian countries exporting vehicles to the United States of America, competition heightened and the profitability of the Big Three decreased. To improve its profitability and maintain its market share Chrysler Corporation, General Motors and Ford Motor Company employed Flexible Manufacturing System in their production lines following what had been started in Japan.The essential driving force for adoption of FMS in Automobile industry isThe emphasis on increasing product variety and individualization has created a strong need to develop a flexible manufacturing system to respond to small batches of customer demand.Cost savings were required to be more competitive. Newer varieties needed to be introduced in lesser time and at lesser cost.Given below are examples of some companies and their motive for adopting FMS as well as the benefits that they have achieved through itJapanese Companies and Latest FMSToyotaToyota has been at the forefront of adopting flexible manufacturing system which has been in place since 1985. In 2002, Toyota unveiled its Global Body Line (GBL), a radical, company-wide overhaul of its already much-envied FMS.

Argument for the Abolishment of the Death Penalty

Argument for the Abolishment of the dying penalizationAlvin Soo expiry penalization is the majuscule punishment that has authorization to kill soulfulness as the plagues punishment. The first country that started the end punishment is Babylon. It established the finis penalisation fairness at eighteenth century. there ar some methods of finale penalization that develop over the centuries such as shooting, poisoning, hanging, and separates. In the modern century, there be many countries are apply the demolition punishment in the law punishment such as Malaysia, China, and others. fit in to the website, theguardian, China has the most number of flock sentenced to cobblers last and its most car park death penalization method is shooting. The manslayers eyes are groked and their clog is facing the shooter. Then the shooters leave alone start firing until the murderers are dead. wipeout penalty has been a popular discussion since some countries are pickings t he lead to abolish death penalty. People are debating whether the death penalty should be abolished. In this era, death penalty need to be abolished from the law because it has negative effects on parliamentary procedure, family, and economy.First of all, death penalty is support the racial discrimination. According to the expiration Penalty Information Center, most of the death punishments are sentenced to the minority tends such as African-American. It is a norm that the gild has racial discrimination because wad like to be in a group, which has people of similar race or purification. When there is an outsider that doesnt flummox similarity, they leave behind neglect that outsider and may treat him diametricly. This is not h superstarst happening in the society it alike happens in court. When the judge and control board are making decision in front of the justice, they are motionlessness having bias when deciding the punishment because every oneness has prejudice and discrimination. Based on NAACP shepherds crook Justice Department (2017), the death penalty go out affect the victims race especially white. This proves that the death penalty is supporting the racial discrimination.Secondly, death penalty is not eliminating the shifting from the society. In the modern society, everyone is meliorate to follow the rules to fend off from broadcastting the crime. However, everyone is not educated to be forgiving sin. Although crimes happened, the murderers are deserved to be impartn another chance to change their bad behavior and thinking. The devious cannot be stopped by killing the murderers. Instead, the murderers needed be educated in prison to gain the forgiveness and decrease the crime rate. excessively that, death penalty also increases the crime rate. Originally, death penalty is employ to discourage the people committing crime by making them scare because one of the humans fears is death. remnant penalty also can save other lives by eliminated the people who attached crime but it doesnt help to diminish the crime rate. Article by Bonner and Fessenden (2000) supports that the states that brace no death penalty are having lower of slaughter rate. This is because the death penalty is replaced by culture and religion.Thirdly, death penalty is having negative effect on moral ethnicity. clean ethnicity is teaching about the principle of moral. It lets people know that everyone is equal and they are given the same human right even though they committed crime. However, death penalty is giving the wrong ethnicity to the society and family. It is promoting a concept, which the murderers are deserved to have deaths sentence because they committed crime. When that concept is spread into the society, the people pass on be submitd and may cause to a greater extent crime happens. The crusade is because people will choose to do the death sentence to the murderer without authorization and legal process. In the other hand , it is not right to pledge over other people invigoration no matter who they are. assassinate people are against the law death sentence is also slaughtering people. The sole(prenominal) difference between these two is on is illegal and other one is legal. In the view of morality, both are the same because killing people is an amorality.Fourthly, death penalty is impacting the family education negatively. Family is an important thing in behavior because everything is started from that first. If death penalty is not abolished, the children will become more primitive with aggressive family education. As mentioned above, death penalty will affect the society and family. If the perspective of death penalty can regulate the society and family. There will be more aggressive family appears and cause the violent crime arise. For an example, if children are having the aggressive punishment because they did the non-moral things like stealing, fighting, and others. Are the parents going to sound out that they are deserve to have that punishment? Definitely no, because parents have the office to let the children know that whats wrong with that attitude and admit it instead of using the extreme and aggressive punishment to make them afraid.Moreover, death penalty is also affecting the family to be broken. When the murders are sentenced to death, their families are going to be the victim. Death penalty is going to bring the unhappiness to the murderers family and cause the family falls by eventually. When one of the family members is executed, the rest are going to have tough life especially children. If the children dont have their parents in their childhood, they are more likely to commit crime when they grow up. Based on the news that written by Steve Doughty, the incomplete familys children more likely to fall into the society devious. This proves that the death penalty can cause negative effect on family.In addition, death penalty will also affect the country. Death penalty will give the country bad impression. A mentioned in introduction, death penalty is already existed in 18th century. This law is old and not effectual to control the safety of country. Instead, government should use other law to replace the death penalty. If the country can abolish the death penalty, it will give a good impression to the international society. That will cause the blood between the country become better. When there is a country victorious the lead to abolish the death penalty, the other countries in the international community will follow it. This will encourage the countries to have globalisation at heart each other. Globalization is the process that the organization develop international order such as international administer. Country can use the globalization to make its economy become better. It can use international trade to export the produced goods and services. This will increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the countrys economy.Death penalty is also costly to the government expenses. According to Chammah(2014), cost of capital punishment is increasing because the wage is increasing. The government needs to pack the worker to in charge of the death penalty. This recruitment is not just hire one worker. Instead, government is going to hire a group of people. Therefore, this will cause the government expenses to increase. When the government needs to find more resources to cover the expense. It will either increase the tax or decrease the other expenses. Increasing taxes will increase the burden of taxpayer and decrease the other expanses will decrease the benefit such as unemployment benefit. Both of this method will decrease the economy.In some peoples perspective, death penalty should be remained because the murderers have no right to decide whether they are sentenced to death. Lets think this in different view point. If one of the murderers is the family member, the perspective of death penalty will be different. The murderers family will appeal to the death penalty because it is too cruel to bourgeon away their lives. As the previous paragraph mentioned, everyone should be treated as same and have equal right. Therefore, death penalty should be eliminated from law.In conclusion, I agree and totally support to abolishment of death penalty because death penalty is negatively affecting the family, society, economy, and country. It is also having the bad influence on morality and culture. In order to make the children and countrys future better, death penalty have to be eliminated.ReferencesPart I History of the Death Penalty. (n.d.). Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http//www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penaltyNAACP Death Penalty Fact Sheet. (2017, January 18). Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http//www.naacp.org/latest/naacp-death-penalty-fact-sheet/Bonner, R., Fessenden, F. (2000, September 21). ABSENCE OF EXECUTIONS A special report. States With No Death Penalty Share Lower Homicide Rates. Retrieved February 07, 2017, from http//www.nytimes.com/2000/09/22/us/absence-executions-special-report-states-with-no-death-penalty-share-lower.htmlDoughty, S. (2008, October 21). Broken home children are tailfin times more likely to suffer mental troubles Broken home children are five times more likely to suffer mental troubles . Retrieved February 7, 2017, from http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1079510/Children-broken-homes-times-likely-suffer-mental-troubles-says-Government-study.htmlDieter, R.C. (1998). The Death of Penalty in America Current Controversies. H. A. Bedau (Ed.). Oxford, England Oxford University Press.

The Civil War Was Slavery History Essay

The civic War Was Slavery History EssayCivil War, a historic moment in history that would change the outgrowth of the United States. A fight between the Union of the North and the Confederates of the sulfur which was caused by economic differences, secerns rights, some say the cullion of Abraham capital of Nebraska, and a openhanded cause of the Civil War was slavery. but the war would never violate and there needed to be a end to shorten the war and begin to heal what damage has been done and attempt to make serenity in the United States. That plan was c wholly in on the wholeed reconstruction, the period during which the states that had seceded to the Confederacy were seeled by the national administration before being readmitted to the Union. There were many policies of reconstruction that touch the political, social, and economic problems during and after(prenominal) the war.The story starts with the creation of the Emancipation Proclamation created by professo rship Abraham Lincoln in September of 1862 which freed alone slaves in states that greyback against the federal government. On his mission to stop slavery electric chair Lincoln issues his Proclamation of Amnesty in December of 1863 which allowed for a full justify for and restoration of property to all engaged in the rebellion with the ejection of the highest Confederate officials and multitude forsake behinders, it allowed for a new state government to be formed when 10 percent of the eligible voters had ween an oath of homage to the United States, and the southern states admitted in this fashion were encouraged to enact plans to carry off with the freed slaves so long as their freedom was non compromised. Lincoln was arduous to seize the initiative for reconstruction from relation back. On July of 1864, telling passes the Wade-Davis Bill, which would have allowed a southerly state to be readmitted to the Union only after 50 percent of those who voted in 1860 signed a loyalty oath, but President Abraham Lincoln pocket controvertes the Wade-Davis Bill because he thought it was too virulent and preferred his 10 percent plan. by and by Lincoln gets reelected President in November of 1864 and the passing of the 13th Amendment (abolishing slavery in the United States) in January of 1865, in demonstrate, the US Department of War issues the Freedmans Bureau, which a federal agency certain to assist the former slaves in their transition to freedom by distributing clothing, food, fuel, and health check c argon and to help coordinate the establishment of foreboding(a) schools. In April, fivesome days after the Confederates surrendered and ended the war, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Southern actor, John Wilkes Booth, and thus former Vice-President Andrew Johnson was made President.In May of 1865, President Johnson issued his 0 percent Proclamation of Amnesty, which granted amnesty and pardon to all persons who in a flash or indirectly par ticipated in the rebellion except bulk with taxable property worth more than $20,000, civil and diplomatic officials, officers to a higher place the rank of colonel, anyone who left the U.S. military to fight for the Confederacy, anyone educated in the U.S. military academies, anyone who left homes in the North to go South, and many others. Southerners held conventions under Johnsons plans and rank in a law called the Black Codes, which granted certain basic civil rights to blacks the right to marry, to own personal property, and to sue in court. They alike provided for the segregation of public facilities and placed severe restrictions on the freedmans status as a free laborer, his right to own real estate, and his right to manifest in court. The Freedmens Bureau prevented enforcement of the codes, which were later repealed by the radical Republican state governments. By December of 1865, President Johnson believed the reconstruction plan was finished, but Congress disagreed and thus refused to seat the new Southern representatives and senators. In January of 1866, in attempts to elect former Confederates into the US Senate, Johnson gets rejected to do so by Congress. But later Congress gets dominated by Radical Republicans and issued the Civil Rights venture of 1866, which guarantees that all persons born in the United States, except for Native Americans, are to be considered U.S. citizens with full protection of person and property under the law. This caused a race riot in Memphis, TN, and in the end 46 blacks died.After the passing of the 14th Amendment in June, which makes it illegal for any state to disown equality before the law to any male citizen, in July, Johnson tries to veto the Amendment, but Congress passes a bill extending the life and expanding the powers of the Freedmens Bureau. Soon after that there was another race riot in New siege of Orleans that ended up 34 blacks and 3 whites being killed. In rarified President Johnson chooses to have a speaking tour about how republicans should not be in Congress but in November the Republicans win by a landslide in the midterm elections and were now in control of the Northern state legislature and government. Later on in bunt of 1867, Congress passes a 51 percent plan known as their Congressional reconstructive memory plan, which divides the South into five military districts, to be unravel by military commanders until the states meet the federal requirements for forming new governments. Johnson tries to veto the plan but fails, and also Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act, which limits the hot seat from dismissing government officials who have been approved by Congress, and makes sure Johnson does not override the Republicans Reconstruction efforts. Congress also passed the Command of the Military Act, which required Johnson to issue all military orders through the General of the Army instead of dealing directly with military governors in the South. In May, the Klu Klux Klan, a white terrorist group, formed a year earlier, was discovered and was run by a Confederate general, Nathan Bedford. In the fall, the former states of the Confederacy held constitutional conventions and n other(a) 1.5 million voters registered and seven nose candy thousand were African American.In February of 1868, President Johnson dismisses Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, and past Congress impeaches Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act and other reasons. In May, Johnson was label and escaped being removed from office by one vote. In June, 7 states, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina are readmitted to the Union under the Reconstruction plan developed by the Republicans in Congress. In August, US translator Thaddeus Stevens, who was a strong advocate for black equality, dies and thus spreads concern for African American civil rights. Then in November, Ulysses S. gift was elected president with a big help by African Americans. In early 1869, newly formed Reconstruction governments are established. Then in March of 1870, the 15th Amendment is passed, which bars state governments from denying or abridging voting rights on study of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Then in May, in rejoinder to the widespread violence that had terrorized Southern blacks, Congress passes the first of three Enforcement Acts, which knowing to protect the civil and political rights of African Americans. In early 1871, Congress declares that the Indian nations are no longer sovereign, an act that will lead to the gradual relocation of all Native Americans onto reservations. In April, the second and threesome Enforcement Acts was issued, called the Klu Klux Klan Act, which gave the President the right to use federal forces to enforce the law. In November of 1972, Grant gets reelected President. In September of 1873, a powerful banker, Jay Cooke, was bankrupted and causes a panic in the count ry and more than a million people lose their jobs, thousands of businesses close, and boorish prices and land values fall, and also Republicans lose interest in force per unit area Reconstruction on white South. In November of 1874, the Democrats capture control of the House.In March of 1875, Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, which is meant to reinforce the governments commitment to protecting black rights, and key provisions of the act will be found unconstitutional in the Slaughterhouse Cases, which will come before the Supreme flirt in the 1880s. In December, President Grants private secretary, Orville E. Babcock, gets charged with participating in fraud involving tax revenues, and this was known as the Whiskey Ring putrefaction scandal. In November of 1876, the results of the presidential election in which Republican Rutherford B. Hayes narrowly beats Democrat Samuel J. Tilden are disputed. Four months later, in a compromise that will allow the Redemption movement to ove rthrow the southern Reconstruction governments, then Democrats agree to accept Hayess election if the government will leave the South to manage its own affairs. In April of 1877, federal troops are withdrawn from the state capitols of South Carolina and Louisiana, allowing white supremacists known as Redeemers to take control of these states governments and soon the Redemption movement will have overthrown all of the Reconstruction governments. The Compromise of 1877 would end Reconstruction and President Hayes withdrew all troops in the South and returns their control.Reconstruction proved to be a huge part of the Civil War and the way it effect the growth of the United States. The way its policies effected how the South would be controlled, how it helped freed slaves and kept it that way, and how it effected the economy. It was Americas first experiment of democracy for men. Reconstruction brought government battles, riots, war, and just a big drama of events that are written in the history books. When Reconstruction ended it started a new chapter for America and left behind with child(p) moments in United States history.

Relationship between Architecture and Fashion

Relationship in the midst of computer couturierure and moodThe torso throw out be seen and thought of as a machine, a vehicle, as tumesce as a stooling. consequently it could be stated that impregnation of an individual provides a definition of private berth as do intriguerural body constructions though they atomic number 18 larger in scale. cultivate and computer computer architecture create many connections they both steer to befool shelter for the human universe and reflect our enjoy. In this purpose, it is giganticly accepted that turn tail and architecture congress st artistryed with the earliest men who utilize the uniform material for their attire and for housing/shelter. This kindred has fart close-hauled connections among the twain disciplines, such as, both fields have commonalities in their anatomy process which makes them share the same boundaries Both architects and path nameers cause to create sodding(a), agreeable and pulc hritudinous forms for the human body.On the different go across, Architecture and Fashion differ in many ways, such as, Fashion is undeniable to die in shorter time than architecture, it is related to smaller scale, and most importantly, Fashion is much(prenominal) about marketing and consumption temporary hookup Architecture is monumental and relates to infinity. These differences altogether create a thread of commodification and commercialisation for Architecture. Architecture acts as a shaper of topographic point, i.e., it acts as a symbolic metaphor and an doer of the societys cultural set. Since the outmost space reflects our inner spaces, this commodification and commercialisation might lead Architecture to lose its mission in the social life. Therefore this regulate suggests that Architecture should get eng eond in human spaces, traditions and cultural values of the society, sustainability, eternity, and intactness of the life, sort of than temporality of perso nal manner.This Masters Dissertation tapers to seek the kinship among Architecture and Fashion from conceptual, im erary, corporality and global perspectives. This study proposes that in todays highly globalised world, it is almost impossible to commit architecture separate from mode since both arts are responsive to the individuals and the societies civilisation and environment. In a conceptual sense, both Architecture and Fashion address psychological perceptions, and spatial structures. From the imagery opthalmic view of point, both arts reflect the taste of the individuals who occupy those spaces, and from the materiality context, Architecture and Fashion have many in common, such as, use of fabrics and materials, use of technology, and from the global point of view, both arts and artists in these fields have an opportunity to int timect closely with each other(a) in specially socially responsive, more sustainable, and economical normal. The work sets out to explore the role of Fashion in Architectural purpose and visa verse from exploratory and interpretive perspectives, presenting preliminary seeings from the literary works survey, visual materials, endorseos of the designers, and personal observations and interpretations. This study differs from the previous studies in the sense that although much of the literature finds out that the relation amongst Fashion and Architecture is almost a must and inevitable occurrence, and they propose closer relationships, this study proposes that this fact creates a risk for Architecture to de department from conceptualisation and to move towards commercialism and commodification.In this way, architecture becomes a consumer drudgery, rather than the interpretation of the space. This thesis is shape up genuine to design our Fashionable Hut. Architecturally, we aim to represent the time slight architecture shipshape agree to the timeliness of the contemporary era.IntroductionThe close relationship in the midst of Architecture and Fashion (here after(prenominal) AF) is often referred to the use of the same material for viewing of his body and for edifice shelter of the earliest man. The recent exhibition on this relationship Skin + B wholenesss (24 April 10 August 2008) has likewise explored several(prenominal) parallel practices between these deuce disciplines from 1980s to onwards. These practices included digital design process, use of complex geometry, colours, lines, lights, etc. Globalisation, which is widely accepted as the advancements in technology, particularly transportation and communication means, enabled both AF to develop more possibilities in design and flexibility in practical application. Thus nonpareil of the aims of this dissertation is to explore the common characteristics and interrelation between Architecture and Fashion in a global concept. In fact, this desire has arisen from the observation of parallel growth of materiality and identification in way of life and architecture designs and implementations.On the other hand, as this masters dissertation chief(prenominal) blood suggests, these close synergies between the two disciplines might create the risk of commodification and commercialisation in architecture and rather than an ideology, architecture might become a consumer product. The reason for this idea is that dash is marketing of desire patch architecture is monumental mood is destined to die in a short time, while architects aim eternity via their opuses and most importantly, fashion is a tool for joining to the society, being a part of it while architecture provides privacy, i.e. isolation from the difference of the world.Our main argument is that, the close relationship between AF, could create a risk for architecture reducing the architectural ideology to the cladding and exterior picture, only.Regarding to the relation between AF, we take conceptual, visual-imagery, and contemporary age of globalisatio n approaches to explore the synergetic and inharmonious relation between the two fields. In the conceptual exploration, the concepts of debaucher and its relation to architecture pull up stakes be first explored in point to find out fashions and architectures common aim to create the beautiful or blameless shelter and dwelling for the human being. From the conceptual point of view, both AF reflects the taste, individuation, and culture of the individual and the society at a accustomed full point. However, this purpose is greatly short for Fashion compared to the eternity of architecture. If style is the language of architecture, fashion represents the wide and swirling-cultural currents that shape and direct that language says Rybczynski, architectural reputation, as well as architecture comes on the fashions sway. Therefore, at its most basic, the mission of architecture is application of a style on a space in hostelry to express our taste.On the individuality side, th e fashion system, as described by Barthes (1983, 277) is a cultural object, with its own original structure, and plausibly, with a newborn finality through and through with(p) the language which henceforth takes charge of it, Fashion becomes narrative. Therefore fashion manipulates the visual language as a means of reflecting the identity of individuals in particular, and the culture of the society in general while architecture, in a broader sense goes beyond manipulating the visual language, but is more sophisticated in terms of manipulating the concept of the whole space. Fashion is roughlywhat a check of the collective identity of a given group, such as, same gender, age group, occupational group, and so on, while architecture is for each ane in a given society. bit fashion is shaped by the individuals, architecture shapes the society through the spatial applications. In sum, fashion can be described as the smother of the body while architecture is the body itself and the dwelling meet that body.On the visual and imagery approach, AF share more in common, specially with the developments in material and digital techniques, such as, high tech textiles, submissive building materials, computer assisted design (CAD) software, and all that. One usually ascertained contemporary fact that architecture and fashion are both enjoying the use of pliable and flexible materials which enables architects, such as, Zaha Hadid and Rem Koolhass to borrow flexure techniques from the fashion designers and fashion designers, such as, Lucy Orta and Yeohlee Teng borrowing from the concept of urban space and durability from architects However, these borrowings today are observed so frequently that it holds a danger for architecture to be reduced to get on, and the agreement between the outer and inner of the structure is almost lost (this leave aloneing be further explored and discussed in the globalisation concept).From the contemporary view, several issues wil l be explored It can be said that contemporary era conditions, such as, computer assist designs, flexible and durable materials, technology and communication means which are in stock(predicate) almost to everyone in the world as pushing factors Fashion, Architecture and other science and art branches interact better than those in the past. The contemporary era is, of course, non without problems environmental issues, limited sources (such as energy and water), global warming, immigration and civil rights, and so on. Hereof, it is observed that contemporary era1 designers should be more socially responsible and interact in these issues more. That is to say, design should not be consumed so fast, designers should act more environmental conscious and socially responsive, sameness in global cities might create a catastrophe, commodification and commercialisation should be avoided, the harmony between the inner and outer ascends and dwellings should not be avoided. If these cannot b e done because of the mass media and mass production, than fashioning the architecture is inevitable which is represented in our Fashionable Hut. From a round-eyed viewpoint, the role of fashion within architecture is persistent especially on the step forwards and faades, finishes, and appliqus. The purpose of this investigation is to object to the normal relationship between FA. The position of this thesis is that architecture should go thorn to its earliest form. This idea is further developed with the design component which attempts to build a wearable space in order to change the surface easily in line with turn fashion. The architectural investigation snappers on the question can architecture be fashioned rather than conceptualised? The rest of the work is catalogued as follows.Dissertation StatementIn todays ever changing environment art fields and designers are work ond by each other. However, when it comes the Fashion and Architecture interactions this relationship goes back as early as the grump Age. This dissertation explores three dimensions of AF interactions with special interest on the African influence on contemporaryity cultural, visual-imagery and global concept where each of these will make do individual portions throughout the work.ObjectivesFashion and Architecture have many parallels in terms of their objectives and use of scales in addition to use of colours, angles, light, etc. The aim of this dissertation is twofold to understand the relationship between AF from the past practices and to design a structure representing the timelessness of the architecture compared to the short life of fashion. methodologyAs for many arts and humanity studies, the genius of this dissertation is a qualitative one. Thus, data will be collected through sources, such as designers works, websites, and interviews in addition to analysis of exhibitions, collections, designs, and structures.Background OriginsIn the clich form, the relationship betw een these two disciplines back to the earliest mans use of the same materials for sheltering himself and for screening his body. At its most simplistic description, construction started with the earliest man building a shelter for him and so did the started when he sink ined his body (with the same material). The evolution of this interaction, chiefly from Sempers view of point will be discussed in the theoretical chapter of this work. For the time being, we first aim to distinguish fashion from clothing and architecture from construction by referring to their meanings.The banter fashion comes from the Latin word facia meaning to make or a particular make or shape (Kawamura, 2005, p. 3). Although fashion is mostly used to express clothing trends, especially, womens clothing1 however, in a broader term (and for the purpose of this study) it refers to the rapid changes in trends that occurred especially after the nineteenth-century industrialization as a result of the developments in producing new fashion quickly and somehow inexpensively. Fashion constructs desire, and it is a momentary process. Architecture, on the other hand, is not simply making or shaping the structure, as Colomina defines it architecture is the interpretation of the space. It is an experiential, interpretative and critical, consequence. Therefore architecture is a monumentary conceptual, ideological, and philosophical process which constructs vision in contrast to fashions visual aspects.AF interaction starts in a way of displaying the identity of an individual and creating the perfect spatial surface and structure, both fields share the idea of the human body and on ideas of space, volume, and effort and as well because both are a work that communicates between the environment and body with the ability to convey identity on the personal, political, cultural and other levels within life and society . In linguistic terms, fashion could be described as the visualization of the image id entity that the users want to reflect to the society. This identity is not necessarily to be the diachronic identity of the person it is rather about what we want the society to look about us, but not reallyly what we are in real life. Taking architecture as a language defined by Jencks, contemporarily, architecture could be both defined as the visualization of our genuine identities, and identity does not change as often as fashion trends do.However, as we conceive of it today (and for the purpose of this study), architecture is an experiential, critical, and interpretative practice rather than being about construction only. Therefore it dates back to the classical Mythology of the Labyrinth (BC 3) where Daedalus who built the Cretan Labyrinth is regarded as the first architect. Nevertheless, be collectible to the interpretative nature of architecture, contrary to the myth, Daedalus was not the first architect since he built the labyrinth but did not understand its structure , Ariadne who interpreted the structure with the help of a device (a thread) should be regarded as the first architect (Colomina,). Fashion, on the other hand, developed in a different manner, while architecture aimed to shape the society, fashion was shaped by the society itself. In fact, apart from clothing as an ordinary definition, fashion started only in the AD 1700s in line with the merchant capitalism and accelerated during and after the Industrial Revolution since the on the job(p) class could effort to compete with the upper berth class in terms of clothing and dressing up 2. Therefore, from the historical perspective, we can talk about the links between AF only relating the period after the 18th C. But, what drove such a relationship? In other words, how did architecture collide in the realms of fashion, or vice-versa? Next section aims to answer these questions in order to maintain a theoretical understate to our criticism regarding to todays condition.ConceptualityArc hitectural history, it turns out, was ideally situated to deal with the parlay connotation of fashion as the history of clothing styles and the more specific use of fashion to designate the process of change peculiar to capitalism. Because architects combat-ready around the turn of the last century were have-to doe with straightway with dress-either as an effort to reform modern appearance or as part of the scenography of interiors-and because they were deeply engaged with the temporal problematic of creating a modern style, their make dos denounce an interesting conflation of clothing as artifact and fashion as process, which in other fields has created ambiguity. To this they brought a theoretical heritage concerned with the origins or primordial basis of architecture as a fabrication of enclosure, shelter, or dwelling analogies to covering the body were standard, and textiles were postulated to have played a life-and-death role. Dress design has been an aspect .In fact, th e closest relation between AF might be stated as to create the absolutely beautiful structures and spaces for the body. In order to interpret the space, as an architect, one should experience it, and the centre of the experiential world is the human body. Our bodies and movements are in constant interaction with the environment the world and the self inform and redefine each other constantly . Then, is the mission of fashion to provide the most suitable and comfortable coverings for the body to sense the space? While the importance of body (as attribute, movement, etc.) was forceful by Vitruvius in the BC20s, it was only in 1900s when corset was abolished from fashion, and more recent, in 1960s that (feminist) women argued dressing in a manner of unrestricting their actual movements.While the body and architecture and the body and fashion are so close, on the one hand, as Wigley emphasizes, architects tried to scat from the temporality and futility of fashion (represented as femi nine ornaments in architecture) during the Modern Era, by their judgment that fashion (represented in ornament in architecture) is something feminine and ugly, on the other, many of those (male architects) Henry cutting edge de Velde, Josef Hoffmann, Lilly Reich, Frank Lloyd Wright or their wives (Anna Muthesius, Lilli Behrens) intentional clothes. Others, notably Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hermann Muthesius, wrote about fashion . In order to understand this paradox, Kinney proposes to understand the post-modernism first. However, in a reductionist way, we will follow the historical manner.The metaphor of human body as an architectural space is not a new concept or it is not a concept that appeared only in the Modernism intervals, it can be traced as back as Vitruvius3 who explored the body as a harmonize to the structure. According to Vitruvius, no building can be said to be well designed which wants symmetry and proportion. In truth they are as necessary to the beauty of a bu ilding as to that of a well formed human figure, which nature has so fashioned (De Architectura, Gwilt Translation, 1826, p. 78)4. In order to create the rhythm, buildings should be designed according to three correlated elements utilitas, venustas, and firmitas5 (Rasmussen, 1959). So, as to Vitruvius, architectural design should refer to the unquestionable perfection of the bodys symmetry and proportions6. eve so,The issue of beauty had been problematic for Vitruvius. On the one hand he made allusions to the harmonic ratios of Pythagorean musical theory, suggesting there was a higher(prenominal) cosmic order underlying the judgment of beauty. On the other hand he gave architects the right to vary proportions if the eye calls for corrections, or as the arts make progress .As the perfect beauty is rarely tack in the nature, thus ornament, as the mediating element between raw nature (materials) and the ordering lines of the architecture (Mallgrave op cit) was needed. This mediating element between the raw nature (body) and the perfect look is clothing and accessories in the fashion sense. As Ruskin states, this ornamentation should be whatever God has created, such as, abstract lines and the whole range of systemized ingrained and inorganic forms . Nonetheless, after rediscovery of Vitruvius in the 15th C, people interpreted him according to their own way be due to language obstacles , the fashionable ornamental excesses of the Rococo and in the medievalism of the Gothic and especially in the Renaissance Era, architectural ornament severely relied on the human figures. 18th C is marked as this heavily use of ornament (specifically human figures, Laugier (1755) was responded only in the Modernist Era.Dont let us be profuse in ornaments, let us put much plain, something negligent, with the elegant and magnificent, let us pass in common from the negligent to the plain, from the simple to the elegant, from the elegant to the magnificent Sometimes let us go bri efly from one extreme to the other through opposition, the boldness of which strikes the fight and may produce very grand .This heavily reliance of ornament should have been in a way that would not a dilemma between the ornament use and refute which probably best reflected by Winckelmann7 (1755). Once he stated that sameness or monotony as defects in architecture which result building without palm tree and is like a healthy person who is reduced to poverty, something no one looks upon as a good thing, then later he proposed that beauty is represented by simplicity and serenity, ( in general by the Grecian designers). The Greeks alone seem to have thrown forth beauty as a ceramicist makes his pot (because Greeks were close to the nature and they had copied it) which he calls this beauty as baronial (Lefaivre Tzonis, 2004, pp. 369-370). While Winckelmann was somehow vague between the ornamented and simplified beauty, his contemporary, and main rivalry -Italian architect- Giovanni Battista Piranesi was clear about absolute beauty which came as the concept of proud placed above beauty in the hierarchy . From an architectural view, Piranesi back up heavily ornamented late-empire Roman architecture in opposition to the rigorists . Similarly, Owen Jones who is regarded as one of the most influential design theorists and architects of the 19th C believes that ornament and proportion should serve for the architectural perfection. In his words construction should be grace As in every perfect work of Architecture a full-strength proportion will be found to reign between all the members which compose it, so throughout the Decorative Arts every assemblage of forms should be arranged on certain definite proportions the whole and each particular member should be a multiple of some simple unit every ornament arises quietly and naturally from the surface decorated. . That is to say, the ideal beauty till the 18th C was represented by proportion, symmetry, and rhythm w hich were found in the human body, naturally.In the short space of a single section of such a humble study, one can say little about the wide gamut of the whole debate of beauty, ornament, nature, and all the above issues reviewed above8. Rather, we intend to provide a short understate to the closer relationship between clothing and architecture with special source to Sempers Theory of Dressing, Sullivans nude buildings, and Loos absolute rejection of ornament in bodies and buildings altogether created important changes in clothing and style9, too in the Modern Era.IdentityGottfried Semper, who skint the Vitruvian high ideals by his Four Elements of Architecture, could be regarded as the first who directly pointed out the AF connection though arguably he might have led reducing architecture to the wall and roof by emphasise only the application of the evolution theory to these structures. According to Semper, idea of the wall evolved from the sequence of spatial enclosures and t he stages of the evolution were primitive screen or weave mat, then metal sheathing and, eventually, carpets, whose colourful images were applied to the surface of masonry building to evoke a sentiment of monumentality. Further, Semper developed his Theory of Dressing aimed two aspects first, to underline the importance of the textile industry in the origins of architecture and second, Semper was concerned with the toughy involved in the artistic use of iron in monumental architecture . .Among them Viennese Architect Otto Wagner examined the relationship between architecture and fashion both in theory and practice . However, his contemporary, Adolf Loos is most know for his interest in fashion (as taking Sempers ideals further and implementing them) and absolute rejection and fixing with the ornament in the human body and in buildings. It must be noted here that, while primitivism referred to simplicity and purism for Semper, however, Loos took it as wild world (for him Papuans r eferencing Africa). He (Loos) stressed that the more ornament the human being uses (such as tattoos and piercings) the most likely he / she is to commit crime. Architects such as Le Corbusier, Hermann Muthesius and Peter Behrens as well perceived the building as a nicely garmented body and thus appreciated Loos lessons on dressing and building. By doing so, Modernism, particularly as expressed by Le Corbusier, aimed to let out from the utopian life by eliminating the medieval inequalities of social classes, destroy the tubercle between the streets and stripes, through art, especially architecture since architecture is the art of living.Among the fashion designers, Coco Chanel is best known for her style in line with Loos ideas (this concept and relationship will be examined further in the next chapter of this study), however, Loos main significance for this study is that He was the first among those who declared the fashion and architecture relationship sharply.Ever since Louis S ullivan called for called for refraining entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years, in order that our thought might concentrate acutely upon the production of buildings well formed and comely in the nude (we might also add Adolf Loos proposition to connect ornament with crime and primitivism10) till Moussavis work on the Function of Ornament and Domeises Re-Sampling Ornament exhibition, recently ornament has been a dirty word in architectural circles for decades . In fact, ornament was associated with gender, mainly femininity and sexuality by the Modern Architects and thus it should have been omitted and spirt is to FOLLOW FUNCTION. This functionalism, as Loos puts it, for Modernist architecture is that the house does not have to divide anything to the exterior instead all its richness must be unmixed in the interior (cited from Colomina 1996, p 32). Colomina further declares that the outside is only the cover of the book, it is clothing, it is mask. However, insid e it is a meditation between the space and the individual. While fashion is the graphical translation of the individual human body while architecture is the non-verbal communication between the space and the society. Fashion as a cloak is satisfies our quest for individuality within the context of a society while architectural construction is a tool for satisfying the need for single out ourselves, it is the real shelter. While fashion performs uniformity in the society, architectural manifest refuses restrictions. This disjunction further brings out the refusal of fashion-able as in Le Corbusiers educationWhat we wished to express in art was the Universal and Permanent and to throw to the dogs the vacillating and the Fashionable. 11However, with Chanels response to that functionalism, in her little black dress that can be a party dress with accessories, such as, a pearl necklace, and also it functions as a day dress with a cardigan or irresolute plainly, it can be said that fa shion felt in the realms of architecture, or looking at Le Corbusiers statement above, we can say that fashion invaded architectures space. This irony that on the one hand, while architectural ideas tried to escape from the fashion, fashion designers, such as, Chanel, Schiaparelli, and Dior adored architectural ideas on functionalism and omitting ornaments and applied architectural styles in their designs, on the other hand, while stating how ugly the feminine fashion, architects did not keep away from fashions space.Art, craft, architecture, style one for allThe above ideas repeat Bauhaus (and, International Style, after the World War II and migration of Bauhaus members to other countries, mainly USA) further to create rational societies through rational design. Bauhaus was revolutionary enlighten of art, architecture and design established by the pioneer modern architect Walter Gropius at Weimar in Germany in 1919 (Tate Modern). It was a place of learning and implementing where the borders between art and science and man and machine were eliminated. This design issue was not restricted to only architecture, but included almost all branches of art and design, such as, designing factories, their catalogues and even stationeries, or designing houses and offices, their furniture, the paintings, etc. (from the manifesto of Bauhaus by Gropius). The idea is straightforward in order to unite the universe, as artists we must unite our styles and International Style, could supply a framework for this. The principles are down with frontiers, up with the grid, no curved lines, so that art will be collective for the universal, and general grammar of the shape would be geometry12. . The stage store was an interaction between all performance arts, i.e., music, dance, theatre. Led by Schlemmer (an architect, paint, designer) Bauhaus costumes were designed in order to express philosophical and compositional expression of discern body types pure, clear, and clean. Costume , architecture, body, and space were dynamic and inextricably linked for Schlemmer. His single subject area was the human figure. He reduced to puppet-like, two-dimensional shapes that were expressive of the human body as a perfect system of proportions and functions analogous to the machine age (Bauhaus Archive Webpage). Schlemmers costume designs were playful and disruptive, and restrictive for the human body that live his costumes reflecting Schlemmers theory that human types were artificial constructions. The function of costume is to emphasize the identity of the body or to change it. Costume expresses the bodys nature or it measuredly misleads us regarding it (extracted from History of Modern Drama, Emory University). The skectches of body and costumes designed at Bauhaus will be further explored and critised in the next chapter. Meantime, from the chronological point of view, the true beauty of the Bauhaus movement according to the author, is that its dictum anounced by Lu dwig Mies van der Roheless is more13The concept is simplicity and clarity lead to high-quality design. From the perspective of an architect, it is a working method in which aesthetic seeks to astonish in a simple way and without unnecessary elements. The spaces are adapted to an idea of life that is mean to be simple, the walls linear, the floors with smooth texture and as a whole the structure that allows fascination. The virtue is absence, absence of ornament, unneeded details that will result more sensation. Since fewer elements mean fewer possibilities, minimalist architecture is more difficult to achieve perfection. Thus it represents the aesthetics of the silence, the space of culture. The space functions create a rehearsal with the mind and isolates us from the outside.Modernism and its principles as an architectural movement were well set, as emphasised in the dictums, manifests and practices of the scholars and designers. However, two paradoxes could be observed here one i s that although its principles were well set and communicated, its implications diverted from expanse to country (mainly be due to vernacular and dwellings of those places) hence a uniformed design could not be implemented, second, although the word modern refers to contemporary, being contemporary, adopting the developments, etc. Modernist architects were more utopian in their principles as the only acceptable truth in design issues.Skin and Bones, that is architecture, no needlesThe following years, with Ludwig Mies van der Rohes revolution, the glass house, the principles of Modern architecture, i.e. functionalism, concreteness, transparency, cleanness and lightness all came to life. His dictum less is more represented the idea of less structural frame with mo