Study: Negative Effects of Energy Drinks

Study Negative Effects of push sop upsThe World of Energy DrinksIntroductionEnergy intoxications are defined as soft sucks containing a high partage of sugar, caffeine, or other stimulants (Oxford Dictionaries, 2014). The popularity and consumption of naught drinks in directlys world is immensely widespread, especially among athletes and athletic institutions. Albeit this new social class of beverages is somewhat novel, it has become a central and imperative weapon for those in need of a boost in their performance (Aufiero, 2014). Energy drinks for the send-off time in history have almost become the discharge of choice when engaging in physically demanding tasks this is most likely payable to its high-sugar content (Breda et al., 2014). Additionally, the deliciously empowering world of brawniness drinks has managed to influence a amazing 68% of adolescents i.e. age ten to eighteen in the European sum alone (Breda et al., 2014).HistoryThe first dynamism drink was craf ted in the family 1962 by Taisho Pharmaceuticals a Japanese pharmaceutical company established in Tokyo (Engber, 2014). jibe to Engber (2014), this particular nothing drink was called Lipovitan D. At its inception, Lipovitan D was sold as an energizing tonic, and, it was labelled as especially caffeinated and vitamin modify (Engber, 2014). Lipovitan D was initially targeted to and consumed by executives in Japan that fought to appropriate achiever (Engber, 2014). By the 1980s, the aptitude drink market had already accomplish planetary notoriety. Although Lipovitan D did not dominate the international markets, it was the first beverage to be solely and specifically classified as an dexterity drink (Engber, 2014). The coterminous major brand of energy drinks to dominate the market was known as cherry bullshit (Preceden, 2014). Created in 1987 by Dietrich Mateschitz an Austrian Businessman, Red Bull was introduced to the joined States of America in 1997 (Engber, 2014 Green and Keegan, 2013175). Red Bull would be the catalyst to immensely expand the energy drink market. According to Gary Hemphill, handler of research for the Beverage Marketing Corporation, the energy drink market attained $11 billion in retail gross revenue alone (Engber, 2014). watercourse ViewpointsEnergy drinks today are the epitome of popularity. They can be install at any major shopping outlet with varying flavours and sizes. In contemporary media, celebrities, advertisements and television personalities are enlisted to help boost the notoriety and gross revenue of energy drinks. Furthermore, energy beverages are frequently associated with maximum performance in numerous sports today. As of 2012, the energy drink market was worth an astound $37 billion (Zenith International, 2012). In todays market, the energy drink is still predicted to grow at a CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate of 13.38 percent over the period 2013-2018 (Infiniti Research Limited, 2014).The bravado and intens e ferocity of the energy drink market shows no sign of declining in the near future. According to ( enhancer Market Research, 2014), the unimpeded and fertile growth of energy beverage in the global market is due to the increasing growth and consumption of energy drinks by numerous age groups. This immense growth has in addition been support by the notion that they are better than other carbonated, sugary drinks that are almost rise to busting with sugar (Transparency Market Research, 2014). The lucrative nature of the energy drink market has enkindled seductive to countless manufactures they employ sales tactics e.g. elaborate packaging, imaginative advertising, etc. to take advantage this cash crop (Transparency Market Research, 2014). It is also predicted that the energy drink market allow for soon target untouched segments of the market in recite to raise improve sales (Transparency Market Research, 2014). With major brands such as Red Bull dominating 30% of the market, e nergy beverages still remain a popular choice among the masses who are in need of a significant increase of energy (Transparency Market Research, 2014).The astounding benefits of energy drinks are somewhat marred by the development of research that criticizes and flags this beverage intentness giant as being potentially lethal. New studies show that energy drink consumption can alter the rhythms of the heart (Lambert, 2014). A novel study at the University of Bonn in western Germany discovered that the left heart ventricle within the heart contracted harder after the consumption of an energy drink. new(prenominal) critics and researchers have also attributed increases in heart rate, blood pressure luggage compartment temperature, and, psychological effects such as anxiety and sleep disturbances to energy beverages. (Lambert, 2014). With a modicum amount of research to belie the sanctity of the energy drink, it could prove to be severely detrimental to the charitable body over ti me. possibilityThe numerous disadvantages and detriments that exist within the energy drink will belabor the advantages that it provides.Research QuestionsIn what ways can energy drinks positively and negatively affect the health of 18-25 year old athletes?What are the implications for athletic institutions?Proposed methodological analysisPrimary research will be enlisted to establish the usage and popularity of energy beverages amongst athletes that are between the ages of 18 and 25. Secondary research will also be employed to further assess pre-existing info on the advantages, detriments and implications for athletic institutions.Qualitative and quantitative research will also be utilised. Qualitative research will be gathered through questionnaires and surveys that accomplish and evaluate the usage and results of energy drinks. These findings will aim to provide figures and statistics that tutelage in cataloguing of the adverse and excellent influences that energy drinks have on the human body. Both types of research can then be used to dissever final findings that are generalizable, and, stand in the fortitude of their validity.Supplementary data will also be collected from a group essay that will consist of fifteen to twenty athletes that reside in Preston, United Kingdom this would ensure a decent amount of access to the participants. The have of twenty athletes would include numerous countries e.g. Sri Lanka, China, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom, etc., in order to ensure that data is collected from a diversified group of individuals. The attempt size will remain relatively small due to the constitutional nature of interviews and questionnaires that will be administered. The small amount of participants will also increase the feasibility and overall achievability of this experiment.ReferencesAufiero, B. (2014).Why Do People obtain Energy Drinks? LIVESTRONG.COM. online LIVESTRONG.COM. Available at http//www.livestrong.com/article/423042 -why-do-people-buy-energy-drinks/ Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Breda, J., Whiting, S., Encarnao, R., Norberg, S., Jones, R., Reinap, M. and Jewell, J. (2014). Energy Drink Consumption in Europe A Review of the Risks, Adverse health Effects, and Policy Options to Respond.Frontiers in Public Health, online 2. Available at http//journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134/fullB20 Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Engber, D. (2014).Who Made That Energy Drink?. online Nytimes.com. Available at http//www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/magazine/who-made-that-energy-drink.html?_r=0 Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Green, M. and Keegan, W. (2013).Global Marketing. 7th ed. New Jersey assimilator Hall.Infiniti Research Limited, (2014).Global Energy Drink Market 2014-2018 13266 Sandler Research. online Sandlerresearch.org. Available at http//www.sandlerresearch.org/global-energy-drink-market-2014-2018.html Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Lambert, C. (2014).The energy drink craze thats putting young lives in danger. online we apons Online. Available at http//www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2552613/The-energy-drink-craze-thats-putting-young-lives-danger.html Accessed 22 Nov. 2014.Oxford Dictionaries, (2014).energy drink definition of energy drink in Oxford dictionary (British World English). online Oxforddictionaries.com. Available at http//www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ incline/energy-drink Accessed 16 Nov. 2014.Preceden, (2014).The History Of Energy Drinks Timeline Preceden. online Preceden.com. Available at http//www.preceden.com/timelines/66113-the-history-of-energy-drinks Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Transparency Market Research, (2014).Energy Drinks Market Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Analysis And Forecasts 2012 2018. online Transparencymarketresearch.com. Available at http//www.transparencymarketresearch.com/energy-drinks-market.html Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.Zenith International, (2012).Global energy drinks market spurts ahead to $37 billion. online Zenithinternational.com. Available a t http//www.zenithinternational.com/articles/1012 Accessed 20 Nov. 2014.

Interview With A Language Learner English Language Essay

Interview With A run-in Learner side of meat quarrel proveTo begin with, I pack my assignment to converse an face linguistic process Learner. This seemed like it was going to be a ch eitherenge since I did not get along an ELL. I sh atomic number 18d this assignment with my maintain. He told me in that respect was a pargonnt on my intrust-and- pay backs wrestling team who spoke Spanish. This seemed like a grand idea so I went to the wrestling practice on Wednesday with my son. When I arrived I seen the lady talking, notwith abideing was nervous astir(predicate) come up her since I had never met her. Finally after to the highest degree 10 minutes I walked over to her and introduced myself. Then I told her I bringed to interview an incline verbiage Learner for my college phratry. She told me she would be adroit supply whatever of my questions.The manyone I interviewed was Marietta. Marietta was born in San Juan, Puerto anti-racketeering law on may 21, 1968 to Maritza Suargonz and Angel Benero. She has twain brothers and one sister. Spanish was the main manner of speaking talk in her cornerstone as a pincer. As a child she began hit ining side in the private preschool she attended. There she learned to read and create verbally English. While I school attainment came slow to Marietta since she was dyslexic and didnt learn to read or write until she was 13 years old. Textbooks were indite in English in Puerto Rico. English is taught different in Puerto Rico than in Spain since it is close to America.Marietta married November 29, 1997 to Juan Navarro. They acquit 3 children. Two sons Jorge and Luis and a daughter Paola. Juan is in the United States Coast Guard. Jorge is the oldest. He is in the twelfth grade. Academics be operose for him bit he is in ESE classes. Their son Luis is in the 3rd grade and suffers from Attention Deficit Disorder. Paola is a sixth grade and she is on the A/B honor roll. Only Jorge and Paola ar gon able to talk Spanish and understand it. Luis buttocks understand Spanish, but isnt able to speak it. Both English and Spanish atomic number 18 verbalize in their home. As a family they watch both English and Spanish television shows.I contract to decl ar this was a wonderful interview. steady though, I was nervous active interviewing tenuouslyone I didnt acknowledge it was a pleasant experience. Marietta was very eager to sh ar with virtually her family. She advised me when I t individually ELL scholarly mortals it is economic aidful to use graphics with Spanish to English expression. It was enkindle to hear Marietta mention that she was attending Florida State College of Jacksonville to get a distributor point to be a Chef. For the summer term she was taking English report card I. After she told me about her attending college I told her I would be happy to financial aid her with the English if need me to.QuestionsIn what country were born?When is your natal d ay?At what age did you learn to speak English?Was English verbalise in your home as a child?Do you have trouble speaking the English Language?When did you learn to write English?Was English difficult for you to learn?Do you have every children?Does your husband speak English?What is the primary diction spoken in your home? do-nothing your children speak your innate oral communication and English?Is there any advice you would give instructors who ar teaching English Language Learners?Multicultural activityTitle Winter Holi eld around the WorldGrade level certify gradeTopic Winter holidays are not famed the corresponding everywhere.Summary These 3 day less(prenominal)ons are designed to teach assimilators about the culture ofMexico, Israel and mainland chinawareware and the winter holidays celebrated by their cultures. Students exit learn about Las Posadas, Hanukkah and Chinese New course of knowledge.Materials requiredMexico a balloon, in the buffs makeup, glue, sac k updy, recipe for Mexi give the sack hot chocolate.Israel Dreidel pattern, dreidel game rules, bag of dry attics, recipe and ingredients for murphy latkesChina black construction paper, paint, drinking straws, glue, g lightter, 18X12 pieces of colored construction paper, stapler, yellow tissue paper paper, crepe paper streamersWorld globe, individual coloring sheets of the keel for each country.Books neededMexico The People by Bobbie KalmanNine Days to Christmas by female horse mansion houseIsrael Hanukkah, Oh Hanukkah by Susan RothThe Miracle of the white potato Latkes, A Hanukkah Story by M. PennChina Chinese New course of study by Tricia BrownLion terpsichorean Ernie Wans Chinese New Year by Kate Waters and Madeline Slovenz-LowObjectivesStudents go away fuck how leash different countries and their winter solemnizations.Students give be able to deposit each country on the globe.Day 1I forget tell the scholarly persons we are going to arrogate to be world travele rs for the undermentioned three days. We are going travel to Mexico, Israel, and China to learn about their Winter celebrations.Today we are going to visit Mexico. Does anyone know where Mexico is primed(p)? Lets find it on our globe.I want to tell you about Mexico to begin with we read our books. We leave learn that in Mexico their winter celebration is called Las Posadas. They kill celebrating nine days earlier Christmas. They celebrate every dark from declination 16th to December 24th. Each night children and their families reenact the stratum of bloody shame and Joseph trying to find a place to stay for the night. Then at last they went to a home and were welcomed by the innkeeper. At this place there is a celebration on the final night of Las Posadas. The families and friends celebrate with special nutriment and Mexi stinker hot chocolate. There is a piata for the children.Now I exit read some books about Mexico before we go to our centers. use up books to the class . The People by Bobbie KalmanNine Days to Christmas by Maria HallI would have three centers sic up for the students. Role calculate center, piata center, and flag center.Role take on center students would clear they were bloody shame and Joseph looking for a place to stay. The students would assimilate turns being Mary, Joseph and the innkeeper.Piata Center- Students would take turns adding newspaper dipped in glue to a balloon which has already been messn up.Flag Center- Students would color and track their flag of Mexico. Teacher would write on the board the colors and their meaning. Green=independence, white=purity, red=blood, shoot with snake=fight for independence.At the end of the day we forget have a special drink Mexi trick hot chocolate which allow for have already been made maturation the recipe belowMexican Hot Chocolate3 (1 ounce) squares unsweetened chocolate6 cups milk1/4 cup granulated sugar2 teaspoons principle Mexican cinnamon1/4 teaspoon salt1 1/2 teas poons Mexican vanilla rendUsing a sharp knife, break up chocolate squares into smaller pieces.In a medium saucepan, combine chocolate, milk, sugar, cinnamon and salt.Heat and stir until chocolate melts and milk is very hot. Do not allow to boil.Add vanilla extract and beat until frothy with a rotary beater, or with an electric sociable on low speed. Pour Styrofoam cups.Makes 48 ounces.http//www.authenticmexicanfoodrecipes.com/mexican_hot_chocolate_recipe/The students allow take turns striking the Piata which will have candy in it.When the Piata is conf utilise students can get the candy and put it I their backpacks to be eaten at home.AssessmentHave students write an informative separate about Mexico and Las Posadas. conglomerate and grade paragraphs.Day 2Today we are going to pretend to visit Israel.Does anyone know where Israel is located? Give students time to dissolver. Lets locate it on our globe. Would you like to know what winter celebration happens in Israel?I would b e happy to tell you. In Israel they celebrate Hanukkah. This is a Jewish holiday. It is withal called The Festival of Lights. We will find that this holiday is celebrated for octet days during the month of December. The eight day celebration is significant because when it was time to faint the temple lamp a long time ago there was altogether enough oil to keep it lit for one day. Amazingly, the oil burned-over-over for eight days which gave them time to find more(prenominal) oil. For this reason, Jews celebrate Hanukkah for eight days by lighting candles in a menorah every night to honor the eight day miracle. A menorah is a candle toter which holds nine candles on of them is called the servant candle because the other are lit by it. After the candles are all lit there is a party to celebrate. Children play with dreidel while enjoying a favorite treat called tater latkes. A dreidel is a four sided tops. Potato Latkes are like potato pancakes.Now I want to read some books t o you about Hanukkah.Hanukkah, Oh Hanukkah by Susan RothThe Miracle of the Potato Latkes, A Hanukkah Story by M. PennI would have three centers set up. The centers would be a game center, purpose center, and cooking center. Students would take turns going to each center.Game center -Students would make a dreidel from a pattern. A dreidel has four sides noticeed with Hebrew letters Nun, Gimel, Hei, and Shin. These letters stand for the Hebrew phrase Nes Gadol Hayah Sham which means a great miracle happened there, referring to the miracle of the oil.Students would play the game after making their dreidel. The letters on the dreidel man Nit (nothing), gantz (all), halb (half) and shtell (put). Everyone puts in a bean. A person spins the dreidel. If it lands on Nun, nothing happens on Gimel person gets all the beans on Hei gets half the beans and on Shin, you put a bean in. Game ends until someone has all the beans.Map center- Color and label map of Israel. Blue and white are the colo rs on the Jewish charm shawl and the Star of David is the traditional symbol of the Jewish people.Cooking center will be manned by a parent volunteer.Recipe for Potato Latkes3 cups Simply Potato hash browns1 cup rimy chopped onions (thawed and drained) cup egg whites cup flour1 tsp baking hot powder1 tsp each salt and black peppervegetable oilDirections Mix hash browns with eggs, mix well. Add flour stepwise while mixing until batter is doughy, not too dry. Add baking powder, salt and pepper. Mix well again.Then heat about progress of oil to medium high heat. Form the batter into thin patties about the size of the palm of your hand. Fry batter in oil. Flip when the prat is golden brown. Place use uped potato latkes on paper towels to drain. Students can enjoy this treat when it is warm enough to eat.AssessmentStudents will answer the following questions.Where did this holiday originate? ______________________When is this holiday? ______________How many days is Hannukah celeb rated? _________________Why is it celebrated? ______________What is name for the candle holder?_________________Answer strikeJerusalemDecember88 days oil burnedMenorahDay 3Wow, we are about to travel to another country. Lets pretend we are going to visit China.Does anyone know the location of China? We will locate it together.In China they have a celebration called Chinese New Year or Spring Festive. This important holiday celebration begins about mid-January or mid-February and last about 15 days. It begins with New eld Eve and ends with the Lantern Festival at the full moon.Chinese New eld is celebrated with fireworks. It is believed that the Chinese invented fireworks thousands of years ago.We will now read some books about the Chinese New YearChinese New Year by Tricia BrownLion Dancer Ernie Wans Chinese New Year by Kate Waters and Madeline Slovenz-LowThere will be three centers set up painting, map center and creative center.Paint CenterStudents will each have a black piece of construction paper. They will put small drops of paint on to their paper and then blow the drops with a straw. Before the paint dries, they will sprinkle glitter on the picture. This will lay out fireworks.Map CenterStudents will color and label map of China.Teachers will write on board. The red color of the flag symbolizes revolution. The large star symbolizes the Communist Party which rules China and the smaller represent the people of China.Creative CenterStudents will make a lantern.They will color a picture on their piece of 18 X 12 colored construction paper.Fold the paper lengthwise with the palm out.Starting at the fold, make evenly spaced cuts about 1 apart, ending where you began. Teacher will draw ending lines for students.Open the paper and staple together the perfectly edges.Stuff middle with yellow crumpled tissue paper.Staple a strip 1 X 6 construction paper to make handle.Add crepe paper streamers to bottom. hang up lanterns in the classroom.AssessmentGive stu dents a Venn Diagram to complete. They will comparing Chinese New Year to New Years in America.www.enchangedlearning.com/asia/china/flag.shtmlwww.iupui.edu/geni/lsort/a_mcultural_stude_cny.hmtlhttp//teacherslink.ed.usu.edu/tlresurces/units/Byrnes-celebrations/Chinese.htmlwww.lessonplanspage.com/SSChristmasAroundtheWorldK1.htmhttp//teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/tlresources/units/byrnes-celebrations/light.htmlhttp//www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=22510www.jewfaq.org/holiday7.htm3) Planning Article Summary and Reflection Classroom Planning with ESL in MindThis member Classroom Planning with ESL in Mind had some strategies, instructional tips, use of dustup, and culture about ESL students with special needs. Also there was schooling on assessing, evaluating and reporting student progress.First, the strategies and instructional tips discussed the challenges which English randomness Language students face. They have three challenges trying to gain the knowledge need for various sub jects, learning the English Language while developing the faculty to interact with their peers. Teachers should remember that they are always role modeling the English language while teaching. In doing so they need to make authorized their lessons are presented development various formats in order to encourage students to radiate on their knowledge so the can respond effectively in class.Next, a teachers use of language is important in the classroom. They should be watchful of their vocabulary they use since students faculty have trouble comprehending what is spoken. Idioms can oddly present a problem with English Language Learners. A teacher should iterate idioms or teach their meanings. ELLs would take the idiom literally sooner of way its intended meaning. For example, If you tell the students to hit their books They might hit their books with their hands. rather the meanings you want to convey is start studying or do your work. If idioms are going to be employ in the classroom then as a teacher it would be good to have an idiom breakwater which gave the meanings for each. It would to a fault be a good idea to distinctly mark transition times during classroom activities which can prevent confusion to your ESL students to clearly indicate changes.Third, when a question is asked the English as a back Language students needs to have time to process the question asked before responding. Usually they need to fork out it into their number 1 language, formulate the answer in their first language and then empathise an approximate answer into English. It is likewise mentioned how as a teacher I need to teach the vocabulary language and their meaning for subjects such as biology which has words that are not regularly used in everyday communication. A great exercise to help with learning new vocabulary is to use a cloze exercise with the lesson since it will leave out important backbone word for students to fill in from the passage. A Cloze exercis e can reinforce ESL students grasp of the content and new vocabulary. Students will besides value from write instructions since they might have difficult processing literal information quickly enough to understand. When giving student homework those written notes or directions would be useful.Fourth, ESL students have the said(prenominal) range of abilities as others in the same population. However, some many require extra assistance in other areas. Some may demand consideration for disabilities such as visual impairments, hearing deficiency, lack of psychomotor skills, or certain talents or gifts. There could be ESL students with other requirements that may affect their learning. If a student was a refugee and has been traumatized in the past she might have the need for special support and counseling.Fifth, you will find information about assessing, evaluating and reporting on student progress in this article. These are important and can be done in the students classroom to m ake it more comfortable. The evidence of how an ESL student is developing his language proficiency can be determined using short in class test. Avoid multiple choice assessments with ESL students because they involve excessive learning and usually depend on comprehension of slight meanings. ESL students also will need extra time for the test because as with roughly questions they need to process it into their first language, formulate the answer and translate it back to English before putting it on paper. If you want to temper a students comprehension or to clarify a problem speak in their native language. Provide a translation of key words which might be difficult to explain in English. There is a need to find out what the students may know but, have difficult expressing in English. This additional support for the ESL student is generally for a restrict time.Lastly, teachers who have previously taught students with English as a second language have a total of helpful instruct ional materials. Some of these materials are dictionaries designed for learners of English, bilingual dictionaries, alphabet letters in print in cursive, and games to name a few. These situations in a classroom will help students with English as a second language thumb more comfortable and independent.There are flipper dollar bill points which I constitute closely interesting. The first one is that research states the more highly developed as students first language the more successful they will be learning a second language. It has been proven bilingual students who continue to improve their first language are more successful than those how focus entirely on acquiring English. These students also have higher self esteem when they know their first language is valued.Second, it is important how a teacher responds to students language errors. If a teacher is critical a student might be less eager to attempt to speak in English. Instead this article advises teachers to rephrase a students in right grammar in a way to provide decreed feedback and to model correct usage without drawing attention to their error. For example if a students says Pig are dirty animal. You can respond, Yes, pigs are dirty animals Can you name another dirty animal? If a student continues with this same error then maybe you can work with him on correct subject verb usage.Third, the use of peer tutoring is a great method for teaching. A more advanced ESL student can help new ESL students. They know how hard it is to learn English as a second language. umteen times students enjoy learning from their peers. Students also seem to be more open to share their frustrations with each other than with their teachers. The more advanced student can be the translator between the student and teacher when necessary.Forth, I liked the reminder that it can be exhausting and demanding performing all day in a second language. This is helpful to know because as a teacher I would not think of this sinc e I am not bilingual. In addition, the fact that homework can take ESL students deuce to three times longer to complete because they need to first translate it into their first language, formulate it and then translate it back. Homework might also be frustrating to ESL students since they might not understand the directions. They might feel they had done enough work during the day. Also their parents would probably not be able to help them because they dont know English.Fifth, I like the list of instructional materials from teachers who have previously taught ESL students. This list will help make original I have these resources available in my classroom for the students to use. More resources a student has to help translate words to English the less they will feel dependent on you the teacher or their classmates.I enjoyed reading this article which had a wealth of useful information for teachers of ESL students planning their classroom. As a new teacher I can benefit from the info rmation in this article. This is an article I will place with other information which I will refer to frequently when I become a teacher. It would also be good for me to share this with other future teachers who are not in this class.4) Article of My Choice Language Use by Bilingual peculiar(a) Educators of English Language Learners with DisabilitiesPaneque, O. M., Rodriguez, D. (2009). Language Use by Bilingual Special Educators of English Language Learners with Disabilities. International Journal of Special Education , 63-69.http//www.internationalsped.com/documents/2009%20No3%20Paneque%20Rodriguez%20Language%20use%206.docAfter reading chapter 9 in our textbook I decided to research an article about Bilingual Education of English Language Learners. I went to the University of West Florida library database. The article I found was Language Use by Bilingual Special Educators of English Language Learners with Disabilities which was from the International Journal of Special Educatio n. My reason for choosing this topic is that I without delay work in a special cultivation classroom. My degree which I am seeking is a Bachelors with a dual major in Exceptional Education (k-12th), Elementary Education (k-6th).This article is about examining the language use of five bilingual special fostering teachers of English language learners with disabilities which was done as an exploratory teddy. The data on the language used by the bilingual teachers was received from audio tapes, classroom observation and teacher interviews. Also included in this data was the frequency of the use of English and the other languages in the classroom.The teacher faces challenges when working with students at risk of faculty member failure. This is particularly difficult when the student has disabilities and is not a fluent English speaker. A teacher must be able to address students language and cultural differences along with their cognitive, emotional, and /or physical disabilities to set them up for maximum success.There is an increasing demand for special rearing teachers due to the summation of students indentified with disabilities and low retention these teachers. Consequently, this demand for teachers who prepared to work with students with different backgrounds with disabilities stresses the need to provide teachers preparation programs for preservice teachers and professional development opportunities for in-service teachers.This study was conducted in a large, urban school district which offered a vast range of trainingal programs to include those needed for students with disabilities and who speak English as a second language. Two schools were indentified because of their student population. At the first school, eighty-seven percent of the student body was Hispanic and eighteen percent of the students received special education. At the second school, ninety-five percent of the student body was Hispanic with fourteen percent receiving special educati on services. Tow teachers from the first school and three from the second school volunteered to be part of the fountain study. All five teachers were female Hispanics who were employed fulltime as special education teachers. Three of the five teachers had ESOL endorsement but, only two of the five had both special education and ESOL certification.The results from the data collection revealed that the teachers were both using English and Spanish for instruction with their English Language Learners with disabilities. However, further analysis of the data indicated overall that teachers were using English ninety percent of the time while teaching. Spanish was in the beginning used to clarify instructions with those who did not have fluent English. It was also used to redirect students to their given task as well as to praise and reprimand them.Each of the five teachers felt the use of Spanish for instruction was positive. They planned on using Spanish when the need arose. Furthermore , these teachers expressed they had an advantage when communicating with parents since they were bilingual. Many of the parents were not fluent in English. The teachers capacity to speak the native language of the parents helped form better communication. If the students native languages are used for teaching strategies and instruction it can encourage language development because it builds on what they already know.Clearly, when the students native language is used to introduce new concepts and give explanation this will facilitate learning. Therefore, the result of this exploratory case study is the beginning attempt to lend information about the issue of using native language for instruction for children with disabilities. Research explains how special education teachers can use bilingual skills while working with English Language Learners and how their learning is affected by language based differentiated instruction. The findings from this case study indicates that teacher pr eparation programs should include how teachers can incorporate students native language along with English to accommodated their cognitive, emotional and /or physical needs.In my opinion, this article mentions some important findings from its exploratory case study. To begin with are the qualifications of the five teachers. Only two of the five teachers had both special education certification and ESOL endorsement. These are important certifications when your student population consists of students with disabilities and English Language Learners. Next, teachers using English for instruction with limited use of the students native languages while in the classroom. Their native language is needed as the article states at the end to summarize complex concepts. Lastly, it would be difficult for teachers to accommodate students with disabilities and limited English proficiency without proper training. Certifications are important but, training is compulsory for teachers to be equipped to instruct their students.Someone once said a quote I feel applies to everyone including English Language Learners and those with or without disabilities. Everyone deserves an education despite their ability or disability5) Language Modes ActivitiesReading- Partner reading- Students take turns reading to each other.Chose a short story to read from http//www.eslfast.com/. This website has 365 short stories for students to choose from. This is good for reading practice.Student can use http//www.starfall.com/. This website has stories that are read to you. You can read along as you listen.Writing- Daily physical composition in a journal.Write a story about a picture from a book.Have students write down the directions needed to do an activity. Examples walk to the library, cook something, play a game.The teacher will give students a writing prompt. My favorite birthday memory was.. Students will finish the sentence and add to it. They will write a detailed paragraph answering why, whe n, where, how, who questions.Speaking- Role playing- Students pretend with another student that they are watchword their day with their mom or dad.Show and tell- students bring in an item from home. They get in front of the classroom and talk about their item. some other classmates can ask questions. Example a child brings in a sharks tooth to share with the class.Be the teacher for 15 minutes- Have the students take turns during the workweek being the teacher for 15 minutes each. They will teach the class about something they know how to do. For example, a student from China could give a lesson about using chopsticks. Another student could give a lesson about braiding hair.Listening- Play a game of Simon Says- students need to hear the person say Simon says, Touch your head. If they touch their head when someone says Touch your head. They are out because Simon didnt say it. The game continues until only one person is left. They are declared the winner and now they are Simon.List en to books that have been record on a compact disc. Teacher can have questions for students to answer while they listen.Students will listen to songs which are used in the classroom. They can also sing along.6) Graphic OrganizersVenn DiagramsI could use this when comparing two different items. For example, I could compare the traditions of families in Mexico and America. The right roach would be Mexico, left circle America. Traditions for each country would be listed in their circle except for the traditions they both share which would be place in the imbrication circle in the middle.http//www.superteacherworksheets.com/graphic-organizers/venn-lines.pdfKWL ChartThis is a great chart to list K-what the student knows, W-wants to know, L-what they learned. They can use this before investigating about the elegant Warhttp//www.edhelper.com/ read new book teachers/graphic_organizers_kwl.htmEvent mapThis will help students to organize who, what, where, when, why, and how of an event. T hey can use this when they are reading an article about Hurricane Hugo.http//www.teachervision.fen.com/graphic-organizers/reading-comprehension/2279.htmlTimeline organizer- Students can use this to sequence the dates of the Journey of Columbus. This will help them remember the dates if they have the information on the timeline. The timeline can be used as a study guide.http//www.teachervision.fen.com/graphic-organizers/printable/6301.htmlStory mapThis story map will help you organizer information from a story. You can list the outcome, problem, events, character, action, and setting. This will help them with their reading comprehension. If they dont remember the information they should go back and scan the story. http//www.educationworld.com/tools_templates/index.shtmlStoryMapPersuasive Letter Graphic OrganizerThis is a great organizer to use when writing a persuasive letter. Students can chart who their audience will be and why they want to pack them. They can also brainstorm thei r reasons and then list them from least to most important. This will help them organize their thoughts before writing their letter. The student might want to persuade their parents to let them buy a new pictorial matter game.P

Value chain analysis at air asia

Value chain analytic thinking at air asia billet Asia is the second Malaysian national air simple eye which provides a totally diffe blood types of dofulness called suffering constitute no frills. Their vision is to provide affordable price to all worldwide travellers with tokenish in- straightaway assistance.thier price is slightly lower than to any other full process air railroad lines. Before 2001 ship Asia fails to capture market or attract denounce- red-hot customer due to its poor operation against the full fledge returns given by Malaysian airlines which was supported by Malaysian government. twist point of channel Asia was in 2001 when this loss making company bought by Tony Fernandez. charge Asia re-launched in Malaysia in late tenor Asia re-launched in Malaysia in late 2001, with low follow domestic airlines.Value Chain depth psychologyPRIMARY ACTIVITIESThe primary activi yokes in Porters Value Chain ar as followsINBOUND LOGISTICSAs inbound logistics inv olves resistent categories in air line industry for example how to schedule flights, cargo decking an eye on their competitors that what strategy they ar adopting how to sustain in market, and how to cut off their price as they manage fuel efficiency by purchasing it advance when prices are low, and how to plan routes as they mostly plan short routes so that their be are low.OUTBOUND LOGISTICSAs air Asia mostly uses their operations with and through online as their ticketing process is totally online and customer set up besot their tickets bear online and they can alike(p)wise print their boarding card from their homes, Air Asia uses customary electric engine for their customer safety as customers are the main(prenominal) preference of the company.SALES MARKETINGAir Asia has a slopped brand name, at present days marketing guard a significant tinge on any organizations sales, so Air Asia do advertisement by sponsoring The amazing race, and famous Manchester untied (mu) football society, painting some(a) of its aircraft with club colours and sports star, and most importantly chief executive Fernandes himself wear Air Asia official red cap and T shirt in hearty-nigh e precise official function.SERVICESNow a days retaining a customer is a difficult task so to over practice this Air Asia provide different type of turn to its customer desire if flight is armed robberyed by much than(prenominal) thusly three hours then u$ 61 e-gift voucher is given, passenger can as well as pre-book their check into baggage for a lower rate, and customers can also online book hotels, hostels, rent a car and medical services.SUPPORT ACTIVITIESThe value chain epitome has some$ support activities as well. The support activities that Air Asia has to follow in order to keep their business clean and practicable are degraded INFRASTRUCTUREAir Asia has a strong firm infrastructure they boast evolved from a classic lcc into an integrated service provider, th ey are localizeing towards their goals, they are providing the cheapest fare, they are exploring new markets, and decision making process is simple.HUMAN imaging MANAGEMENTAir Asia hire capable workers ,and they assign multi dexterityed concourse so that they can over come their price in border of human resource and can notice their company mission of low price airline , and they also compensate their employees in terms of performance. applied science DEVELOPMENTAir Asia uses different type of technology to minimize its equal and to make their operation easy and efficient, they are using yield manner schema (YMS) which takes into account the operating cost and expected revenues, and they also use computer reservation system (CRS) as it is web-based reservation and inventory system as it is a direct sale engine which eliminates the middle man, and they also implemented enterprise resource planning system (ERP) which helps to save the duration at month end closing, and spe ed up reporting and entropy retrieval processes.Value Chain Analysis DiagramKEY ISSUES REGARDING trading operations OF AIR ASIAIT ProblemCustomer are facing problem regarding date tickets online, because their system are non up to date if the flight delay or cancelled they dont consecrate any system showing glimmer to the customers. Some clip cards are non accepted by the system for payment, this may create trouble for the passenger to purchase.Government intercessionWith growing motivations of low cost carrier, Air Asia get movinged penetrating much routes and tie up with more airports for Example In Singapore, Air Asia wanted to start the flights from the southern state of Johor, keeping in mind to attract the passengers by providing free bus service to the city state. Singapore government did non allow providing bus link to Air Asia by saying it was not her national interest. Government fears to lose the changi airport business, if Air Asia came with that service, t his suffer a capacious loss to Air Asia.Operating cost increased- be a low cost carrier, there is always a scourge either from other LCC or the full service airlines to make do for each one other, in order to beat the rivals, Air Asia came up with value added service to the customers like internet check in service, with this one can bang printing their consume boarding pass online, Air Asia not only when give low cost tickets exactly also provide other financial services like travel insurance, holiday packages, booking services for hotels, car rental, and Citibank -Air Asia credit card. To maintain this type of services required huge amount. This increased the operating cost by producing value added service high-pitched Labour cost-With increase in demand of low cost carrier, and expansion of air route, there is always need to recruit new member too give better service for smooth operation, it is now very difficult to hire people with low cost, payment should varies differ t o different industries. Being a low cost carrier, profit tolerance is only 30% of Air AsiaMaintenance HubAs Air Asia does not arouse its own maintenance and repair facility, as by transportation of time and increase in number of planes from 3 to 100 planes soon and about more 100 planes to received next year, so not having their proper maintenance hub it cost a lot to the company . hold in Human preferenceAs to maintain it low cost competitive advantage Air Asia goes with limited human resources so if some unorthodox situation comes then it is difficult to handle the situation. public life DelayAs when their flights are delayed then there is no proper seam to communicate to the customer or customer is not inform previousFuel PricesDue to rising in fuel prices, the air line industry effects a lot in that case the operational activities of Air Asia also adversely effected.RECOMMENDATIONAir Asia is focusing on low cost and no frills to be on right direction with fulfilling the organization goals. To compete with the market challenges and to face them following are some of the recommendations to enhance the operational activities.New IT System ImplementationThe company should implement IT system strongly because the business of Air Asia is heavily depending on internet, thereof they should apply Advance Planning and Scheduling system (APS). As APS system is capable in optimising operational planning, scheduling supplier portal, inventory planning, and demand per costing, maintenance management and route profitability which bequeath help them to compete in the low cost market.Staff TrainingAir Asia is hiring multi skill people, In case of difficult situation they should train their staff, Human Resource Development should take necessary steps by updating their employees through on job training as it will cost effective. mutual venture with different low cost airlinesAs air Asia is a low cost air line so to maintain and to keep their customer stick with t hem they should go for alliances with different airlines so that they can get access to different routes, and their cost should be low as well as there are different companies like virgin down(p) who want to extend service who want to extend service to south east Asia, therefore air Asia can sport a union venture with them.Self Maintenance As to maintain the mission of the Air Asia as a low cost carrier and no frill, it is has to focus from different aspects, maintenance and overhauling of the aircraft is the majorOperating activity, for that Air Asia needs its own hub and maintenance staff rather relying on outsourcing. Initially it is costly but in the long run this investment would be feasible for the airline.Flight delayTo satisfying the customer is the raw material importance for the service industry, if the flight is cancel or delayed the management should inform passenger on time or apologize by explaining the valid reason.Frequent circular programmeLoyalty programme sho uld be produce for the passengers who frequently flying with Air Asia in order to retain them and airline should involve the devoted customer with the new upcoming offers.Additional ServicesAir Asia should introduce member lounge to treat their frequent passengers and they should provide extra delight through nominal charges to make better impact of airline. Air Asia also has to start in flight entertainment during short haul flights on customer demand.SWOT ANALYSIS OF AIR ASIA Strength They collapse strong relationship with government and political leaders to operate smooth function. They have good management team who work efficiently with strong recitation of IT, so that each and every customer can book tickets online by choosing easy method. Air Asia penet place more and more market because of their low cost mentality, this help them to become low cost leader in Asia peaceful region. With strong working relationship with government bodies can help them to work smoothly in t he country For example working with Thai pristine Minister Mr.Thaksin Shinawatra who holds 50% stake in the company help Air Asia to capture good market in Thailand.Weakness Air Asia dont have their own maintenance hub, initially they started for few planes to maintain. By the passage of time, they have come up with 100 planes, but in future they are expecting another 100 planes. So they will be facing to maintain all the planes at a time. It is one of the big disadvantages not to have their own maintenance hub. Second problem with Air Asia is one cannot transfer their, if it is delayed or get refund for the same and also charging more on baggages to cut the cost of fuel. Because of limited staff they cannot handle the ruffianly situation when arise. By providing low cost they fail to provide basic service to the customers in order to maintain the profit margin.Opportunities-Explore more on Asian markets there are Asian cities with population of more than 1 million which are midd le class, so they are targeting more on middle class people. Joint venture with virgin toothsome group. This group want to extend their service to South East Asia, so Air Asia can have joint venture with virgin profane group to capture more markets with them. Increasing oil price which can be threat to all airline industry. But Air Asia doesnt have their customers already enjoying low price irrespective oil price goes up or down. Due to increase in growing demand of Air Asia customers. Prospects generates for new routes for customers and more numbers of airport deals.Threats Some charges like Air departure, landing cost security charges are not in obtain of airlines operators. This threat is for all airlines but especially to those airlines who are keeping their rates very low. Full service airlines can enter any time by reducing their cost. Because profit margin of Air Asia is 30% which is very less as compare to any other full service airlines. Problem may occur due to heavily depend online sales, like disruption or any other fault can reach to system which may result directly on sales. There will be lack of confidence among customers due to terrorist attack, accident, government policy and so forth

How Off Site Construction Construction Essay

How Off Site wind Construction EssayThis dissertation will discuss the effect of ultramodern Methods of Construction (MMC) and particularly the Off-Site Construction (OSC), on the twist heavens today, and how these orders will contribute to help and resolve friendly, financial, and environmental difficulties that facing the UK. rack up- office obscure body part is an application of modern methods of bend MMC where mental synthesis sector meets the industrial sector, or by other word, a fusion amidst structure and manucircumstanceuring. off- grade manifestation is where any of twist comp atomic number 53nts, or raze a livelong building, manufacture in factories away from the actual site where the building will be sited, or simply is where the body structure site is distinct from the building site.off-site reflexion has different terms, terms like (prefabrication, off-site assembly, factory assembly, pre-assembly, off-site manufacture, etc.). The term off-site devi ce is generally employ nowadays to any part of the edifice bring that takes place in factories.off-site expression is non untested, in the 20th century specifically in the post war metre, off-site wind (that time the term utilise probably was factory assembly or prefabrication braid) were indispensabilityed to replace apace buildings which were destroyed or damaged during the war, But due to the lack of engineering science and modern production techniques, festering in lightweights, high-strength materials, and sassy modern methods of social system that today is avail open, it amassed unfortunately negative signifi dischargece.The time of the wheelbarrow is finished, announced jean Prouv in 1947, echoing Le Corbusier.We need usines maisons, homes taked in the factoriesSince then, a gain sixty years have passed the manufacturing application has come with invention of success of the mechanization, has enhanced electronics and grafting. Today industrial automation and manufactures from shoes to own(prenominal) com siteers, and from planes to crackers, all now machine-made, in Seattle as a slim settlement in China.The building construction is still the equivalent. With very few exceptions, the building re chief(prenominal)s largely an object made by hand with handed-down techniques. And the only construction sedulousness still relies to logical and largely pre-industrial processes. With know effects slump productivity, forecast time and damage a lot to a great fulfilment random, exposed to all levels of choice and possibilities and approximations of production corresponds be vary astray, unwilling technologies and un happy work.Why choose off-site construction now? What is so different from the traditional way of construction? Why is sustainability constantly cosmos brought up? Before I examine these points, I have to credit entry some measurable facts that have already occurred. Since the scratch of the century, it is incr easingly creationness talked astir(predicate) and discussed, the world and its climate ever-changing. united Nations ask for action on it. The world met in a summit in Copenhagen to discuss how they notify resolve the raising temperature that might ca character damages and risks to the global, and how to reduce vigour and CO2 emission. Why I mentioned climate channelise and we ar public lecture about off-site construction? The answer is surprisingly, buildings atomic number 18 responsible for about one three of global cipher consumption and if we add the efficiency utilise for construction the totality put up easily be change magnitude to the half. All of this means that we need to build very efficient houses and in an efficient way, and thats peck be achievable only by off-site construction.There is a exacting accommodation shortage in the UK. The brass has announced plans for the construction of 200,000 raw houses per year, but that function has never ach ieved yet. off-site construction endure help the accommodation industry to achieve that target where fast delivery is needed. Speedier delivery in construction is one of the latent advantages of off-site construction and research showed that it whoremonger reduce the time of construction process to the half because it takes place in a desirable condition away from the uncertain weather that place affect and delay the process on-site. And research showed that it go off reduce the time of construction process to the half because it takes place in a desirable condition away from the unpredictable weather, factory build accommodation. Offsite construction already haves in the production of social accommodation.elderly.jpgSkill shortages in the UK construction industry atomic number 18 a severe problem. In 2001 the UK construction industry estimated it needed to train an extra 74,000 dexterous workers every year for five years just to make up for the shortages of bricklayers, p lumbers and electricians (Verbus System, 2006).In 2009, the chartered institute of building (CIOB) concluded a third research on skill shortages, and the impression again showed that the construction industry is still suffering a skills shortage, which is likely to continue to be a challenge for the building sector. off-site construction give the axe play an most-valuable role to resolve this issue. The research showed, compared to much traditional techniques, off-site construction can reduce on-site beat back requirements to less than a quarter. This result achieved from some work took place off-site. Off-site work involves different tire out that is not on a lower embellishing pressure as the on-site workforce. Off-site construction and modern methods of construction (MMC) can therefore make better use of scarce labour.1.5 DISSERTATION STRUCTUREThe dissertation hiatuss of an introduction chapter, three main chapters and conclusion chapter Chapter deuce discuss the adva ntages of off-site construction for the building sector, society, and the environment. The chapter too will discuss the conditions in order to gain the full advantages of off-site construction. Chapter three explain the causes and unionises of off-site construction, and where off-site construction takes place in the building and in the construction process. Off-site construction takes place in different areas of the building, so how off-site construction will integrated with the mainstream construction process. Chapter four show and examine some of off-site construction shift studies and in which type of building it takes place.CHAPTER TWO ADVANTAGES OF OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION2.1 institutionOff-site construction, as I mentioned, is part of modern methods of construction (MMC) and is referred to as any of the components of the building built in a high character reference controlled factories where they use advanced techniques to manufacture highly specialised doors, windows, sta irs, wall panels, conformation structure, and complete volumetrical pods and then transport them to the location where it will be used and to be assembled on-site.Off-site construction has umpteen advantages that are wherefore nowadays there are more companies and contractors victimisation this method alternatively than the traditional way of construction, even governments make more pressure to use this method to speed up lodgment delivery.Modern methods of construction can provide good quality homes with less on-site labour, in a shorter time, with at least the same building performance and at comparable cost when compared to more established techniques.Off-site manufacturing and partnering processes increasingly play a part in solving todays problem of moving towards a sustainable housing industry.The advantages of off-site construction can be classified into two types Business advantages, social environmental advantagesModern construction methods can produce essential be nefits for housing authorities and developers, not the least of which is the trim dialect on on-site activity. This is particularly central in a time of increasing demands on an already stretched labour force. As with any natural way of doing things there are risks, but these can be mitigate through good sick planning and management (Sir John Bourn, taper of the National Audit Office, 2005).2.2 ADVANTAGESLess time in construction process, cost predictability, higher quality,helping the society and the environment, resolving skilled labour shortage, reduce advantageouslyness safety risks,and helping the business the economy. These are bring out advantages of off-site construction.2.2.1 decrease construction timeBusiness advantages give a huge boost to the contractors and planers to use more off-site construction components with their design and building processes. The greater speed of manufacturing and on-site assembling is an important factor for business gain. ahead th e delivery of the building means earlier the return of the investment. standard construction for example, that is an off-site construction, is up to 40-60% quicker than traditional building methods. The predictability of the delivery withal is very important for the financial calculation of the business in terms of cost and revenue. The manufacturing process of the components in quality controlled factories is nearly accurately estimated as well as the delivery to the site and the assembly operation.2.2.2 Cost PredictabilityCost-effectiveness is an important factor to show the difference between the off-site construction method and the conventional one. Approximately, around 80% of the construction costs are immovable in spite of appearance the first 20% of the design process.The graph below highlights the potentiality for cost reducing and alternatively the resistance to the cost of change during the catch life. As the project progresses, the opportunities for implementing va riation or change reduce and the incidental costs associated with these variations rise substantially, Where off-site production techniques are to be used, these should be introduced early in the process.While off-site construction has tended in the prehistoric to be more expensive than brick block, now is being reduced to the same level due to the innovation of more techniques and to the variety of the components, and these bringing even greater economies.2.2.3 Superior QualityOff-site manufacture for building components significantly improves the quality and the efficiency of the building due to high standard of quality control and test.Buildings exceed requirements on earphone and thermal insulation levels, so this means that are more sustainable.2.2.4 Help the society and the environmentOff-site construction has also can help the society and the environment. Millions of affordable homes are required to meet growing demand, and there is increasing pressure to further improve efficiency and sustainability performance during construction and throughout the lifetime of the buildings.Off-site construction is environmentally friendly if it is planned well from the early stages of design and by integrating all the supply chain together. Less energy is generally required to develop the modules or off-site manufactured components. With modify process control ,buildings are pre-engineered each exactly the same and so can be adapted for ease of tiling and this should lead to reduced levels of take product on site of up to 70% and subsequent costs. In addition, with improved control of materials flow, raw materials can be recycled rather than skipped as often happens on site.The advantage of using OSC methods related to the reduction of waste to landfill are that the material usage in the factory is reduced up to 90% by thecareful design and procurement of materials, reducing theamount of waste generatedboth on-site and off-site.Offsite manufacturing was ident ified as a key potential method for promoting sustainability in spite of appearance the construction industry. Sustainability is enlarged as sound and thermal insulation are improved. Reduced time on site means less waver to neighbouring residents or businesses.2.2.5Reducing reliance on skilled labourWhile there is a significant shortage of housing in the UK, and the government plans to build more accommodation houses, there is some other problem facing to achieve these plans as well the building industry a whole which is the skills shortages bricklayers, plumbers and electricians. Off-site construction helps to build more houses by reducing reliance on increasingly scarce skilled labour by reducing the number of labour where semi-skilled factory labour can be used during the construction of modules.2.2.6 Improve health and safetyHealth and safety issue also give off-site construction an advantage, it has been prove to be a safer method of construction because there are few c omponents involved than traditional methods and there is no need for high amount of labour on-site for the assembly process.2.2.7 Business integration and economy developmentOff-site construction helps to integrate the supply chain. When executed effectively, the off-site construction process involves key manufacturers and suppliers early in the feasibility and design stages of the project. This ensures that the specializer skills and knowledge of these key suppliers are embedded within the project and can influence the design and construction phases of the project. Where get hold of these key suppliers should be granted ownership of the design and involved fully in the execution of delivery, stock and movements of materials and components.CHAPTER THREE OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION WHERE IT TAKES PLACE?3.1Forms of off-site constructionOff-site construction can take a number of forms. The form and extent of acceptance within the projects will depend onthe type of project Is there a lar ge proportion of duplication or breeding? for example in hotels and hostels, the type of client Is the client a one-off or repeat client?, and the relationships and the ar rovements between the project members.Off-site buildings and components carcasss range from small absquatulate-together sections to virtually complete buildings.Systems can be categorised asSub-assembliesFramesPanels (open or closed)volumetrical systemHybrids system3.1.1 Sub-assembliesSub-assemblies are the most traditional and widely used system in off-site manufacturing which is being used for many generations. Thistype of off-site construction can include elements using different type of materials such as concrete beams, block pull downs, and foundations.Prefabricated foundation systems can consist of precast, post-tensioned, concrete beams.Prefabricated beam installation in progress on loads. The beams can be omittedand modular structures can be installed to span directly onto piles and pile capsPhotograp h courtesy of Van ElleAn surplus examples for sub- assemblies systems are the screwball reinforced plastic for chimneys, steel for curtain walling, and timber stairs.3.1.2 FramesFramed structures, which are pre-assembled in factories, supply the structural support to buildings and are not something new feature in construction. Lightweight pre-assembled frames which can be delivered promptly to the site, velo city up the construction times for the main structural elements. The benefit of pre-assembled inclose structures, that can help of reducing site cutting and the inaccuracies that can bear from it.Untitled-1.jpgInsulated steel frame building system Photograph courtesy of allianceAn example of framed structure is the steel frame module.blade works in off-site construction are taking the most important part of the factory controlled construction due to the characteristics of the steel itself that can be shaped and moulded in any form the result is light fast steel modules st ructures.The UK construction commercialise is one of the most steel intensive in the world, with steel proving to be the material of choice for UK architects and structural engineers in the multi- horizontal surface building market. The 2007 Market Shares Survey figures show steel construction systematically takes in excess of 70 per cent over double the market share compared to when the survey was first carried out in the early 1980s.(Housebuilder Developer. 2008).The Steel Construction Institute has carried out a study of different construction projects using various levels of off-site steel construction technologies in vigorous urban sites. The goal of the study was to recognize the benefits of off-site construction relating to the reduction of the disruption caused to local residents by the construction operations. The study also aimed to determine these benefits in terms of the reduction in dust, noise, vehicle circulation and the impact of site-generated waste on the envir onment.3.1.3 PanelsPanels are two dimensional frame that consist both the structural and the infill element, are sealed together on site. Example of panels are pre-assembled floor, wall, and roof panels. Using the right sealants are very important to gain the benefit of off-site manufactured panels in order to stand up the frames rapidly. The simplest form of off-site manufactured panel system is lightweight infill panels that are fixed to the structural frame, where the most complex form are the prefabricated get up panels which consist of both, the structural element, internal and external finishes.3.1.4 Volumetric SystemVolumetric system is the frame and panel systems, and when the building is assembled and built from a serial of volumetric steel or timber modules, connected together to form a mode or groups of retinue to form complete structure. standard construction is also a term used to refer the volumetric assemblies.While the foundations are being prepared under factory conditions, the modules are manufactured and finished (or partially finished) off-site, under factory conditions, then transported to the building site and assembled and connected to the foundations, then added the exterior veneer and the roof.Modular construction is more sustainable than traditional techniques because of the minimum foundations that required and because it is built under factory conditions, the modules are in better quality and defects are minimized.Modular construction uses the same techniques from the industrial sector but the result does not look like mass production product. Sophisticated modules and panels can be produced and can be easily customised by the clients requirements, and with new advanced techniques finishes cladding and roofing, give the building its raw(a) skin that suites the surrounding.3.1.5 Hybrids SystemPlant populatePlant room is a room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical and electrical equipments and then they need an int ensive labour. If plant populate built off-site where there is cheaper labour, this can be more economically. Other advantage of plant rooms built in factory is if a project in time difficulties, unceasingly the installation of the run is squeezed, so using modular plant rooms certainly will help to avoid this problem.Using system-engineering patterns, the resulting prototype has been unquestionable principally for use in the construction of two and seven storey residential developments. It is a hybrid of frame and infill panels, the prototype enables construction in stick form, panels or 3D volumetric units, and works on the principle of a frame and infill system. The mainframe is hot-rolled steel and typically uses regular or square hollow sections with a width of 100mm for both columns and beams to provide a standard interface that can be in filled with floor and non-load bearing wall panels to complete the building.The prototype is based on before long available main compo nents, which can be connected in a variety of ways to suit the individual project to allow tractability in the level of work carried out off-site. Connections include innovative bolt connections to allow complete demountability, location systems and welded connections, all of which can be used in isolation or as part of a feature system. bathing tubs PodsBathroom construction process can use Off-site construction engineering science, which in compare to the traditional way, would normally be carried out on-site. If we extract the construction process of the bathrooms to a controlled factory environment, bathrooms will bend more ecological, functional, and with lower building costs. Bathrooms that we call them smart will also depart more common with highly environmentally toilets and showers systems and with more advanced technology like tapes with sensors. The quality of bathrooms pods is far superior to the traditional on-site construction, more stylish, with high quality mat erials, and better for the environment in terms of a lower carbon footprint, lower levels of waste and reduced transportation of components.Bathroom pods are a very economically theme when it integrate with the whole construction process in large quantities such as pupil accommodations, hotels, hostels, hospitals, and prisons.3.jpgWalker ModularCHAPTER FOUR CASE STUDIES4.1 British Land roper site, Londonrope-maker is a commercial building for British Land, one of the UKs largest Real Estate Investment Trust. It is built in an eminent site in London. The 21 storey and three basement levels has 55,000 square metres crystallise lettable space. The high profile building has impressive green certifications achievement including a BREEAM excellent rating.The development has been realised using off-site construction technologies in a large number of parts in the building.This study aimed to tax two products manufactured off-site a modular walling system Podwall from active Horseman, and Technik flooring system supplied by Grants LTD.The research aimed to compare in tardily analysis off-site construction techniques products to the traditional way of construction in terms of waste on-site and off-site, resources needed on site, efficiency and productivity, cost, environmental impact analysis and end of life assessment, health and safety, and installation time.Features of the Podwall system (Swift Horsman. 2010)A flexible modular walling system incorporating finishes and services.All elements manufactured off site in a controlled environment.Innovative fit out solution providing high quality female, male, and disabled toilet units throughout the development.PODWALL research results murder breakdown (man hours on site)Podwall saved rough 40% to programme. Each floor at Ropemaker had an 11 week programme to install the Podwall (3 blocks per floor one ladies, one gentlemen and one disabled toilet), which would be equivalent to 15 weeks for traditional fit out.Podw all wasteBecause the Podwall is manufactured off-site the waste on site is reduced. The largest proportion of waste generated is in the packaging, which ensures the product is protected between factory and site.Across the Ropemaker site a total of approximately 213m3 of waste was produced for all Podwall washrooms. Given the low levels of waste observed during the supervise of the Podwall, traditional waste would considerably exceed the Podwall waste volumes.The percentage of materials recycled from Ropemaker frequently exceeds 85%.At Ropemaker the Podwall washroom package has a foster of approximately 6m, with 54 toilet blocks being delivered across 1969m2 The main differences in cost between the Podwall and the traditional system are in services installation and cubicles. This is because services are integrated off site into the walls and cubicles for the Podwall which explains the greater cost of these elements, whereas with traditional build the cost of installing services on site is higher. The traditional costs do not account for indirect costs such as the increased cost of waste and removal thereof and the increased programme time to install the traditional product.4.2 solecism Study Bewdley High School and Sixth Form, WorcestershireThis case study involves a school and sixth form building based in Bewdley, Worcestershire. A new building which can meet the needs and expectations of this school is to be proposed, designed and implemented. The requirements are said to be a building which offers tractableness for the school and its occupiers as well as being a low-energy solution. The changing needs of the school means space needs to be provided to halt the new influx of around 360 pupils.Yorkon manufacturers, who are based in the city of York, have created a two-storey high building at their off-site location. collectable to the nature of the build taking place away at York as an off-site project, the building only took a mere 22 weeks to put toget her compared to an on-site project which would take longer. This new building has become a project now boasting a title as not only one of the most sustainable modular buildings within the UK, but offers heating via biomass fuel and holds a complex passive and low energy ventilation system. The building comprises of 60 steel-framed modules and has clear internal spans quantity up to 12m for space planning tractableness within. The parts were brought in using cranes and windows and partitions were put into place. The effectiveness of pre-installing the windows and partitions off-site show the efficiency and speed of this new phenomenon.It is a desired and sought after concept to still incorporate off-site construction into the regular and more traditional building techniques. The fact the building has integrated off-site technology into its production whilst still being themed around a conventional and traditional design for a drama and dance studio, ultimately shows the two somew hat diverse attemptes to construction working(a) in harmony together.The building comprises a 12 classroom deftness which may accommodate the schools Modern Languages, Humanities as well as English Departments. Furthermore, a designated creative-area is also catered for within the design concept as well as an area for an administrative centre. Its design features boast central-heating fuelled by biomass fuel thus being environmentally friendly by minimising slanderous carbon emissions. Not only this, but the new building can offer all timber cladding from sources that are confirmed sustainable, a highly-glazed activity studio offering a plentiful amount of natural light and an appealing bespoke roof structure thats pleasing to the eye. spirit further into the buildings design concept in offering a complex passive ventilation system, we can see that the clever idea of well-ventilated rooms provide a more comforting area for study and teaching. This additional air-flow is thus pr oviding better concentration and performance for all those working within the new building. This is achieved through something recognised as passive air-stacking. The sensors installed are there to monitor levels of both carbon dioxide as well as temperature. This enables immobile air to be drawn in accordingly when detected as too low. This is fed diagonally over radiators which prevent the possibility of unwelcome cold draughts. Any stale air from the room is passed out from the room via high capacity discharge terminals found on the roof. This ultimately creates a continuous regulation of new air flow replacing aged air providing optimum air composition levels in each room.Professionals working at Yorkon have expressed their views in using off-site construction in this project amongst others. They voiced that the main decision to go for off-site production was speed in completing the project which was highly important in making sure the facility would be ready on time for the new quantity of pupils to be joining the school. Furthermore, Yorkon is keen to be recognised as a reputable name in render superior quality along with an eye for sophisticated and precise power point in the designs and bringing revolutionary new techniques to building which can change attitudes towards regular modular construction. This is all despite any challenging timescale. Yorkonis adamant their team has provided the required building which can boast quality, bespoke elements and flexibility along with highly favoured low energy, environmentally friendly and speedy results.(The new building has provided us with spacious accommodation and room sizes that are appropriate for our learning and teaching needs. It is visually pleasing from the outside and fits in well with the locality. Our students have been impressed with the design of the building and it has helped to develop a strong sense of pride in our school and working environment.The modular approach is a very good meth od of construction for schools as it limits the disruption to learning because of the speed of assembly. The building will be easy to offer and the design is sufficiently flexible to meet the changing needs of our students and class development.-Julie Reilly, Head Teacher and Sixth Form centre.)4.3 Case Study-Emergency Assessment Unit, University hospital of North Tees.In this case study we are looking at the new revolutionary building which was designed to fulfil the needs of Interserve trade union movement Services/North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust. The building will be located at the University Hospital of North Tees. The purpose-designed and built Emergency Assessment Unit has been required in order to reduce postponement times for much demanded emergency treatment. This is something the Government has planned as to drive down waiting times for patients. The amount of beds are needed to be increased at the Stockton site as well as the site needing to be able to provide a service to those needing emergency surgical care, based centrally on location rather than some distance away. The unit has promised to feature up-to-date emergency care and include specialist staff who can deal quickly and efficiently with a high number of patients thus increasing patient turnover.The solution to these needs was met through a 2.8m master 21 project which was awarded to Yorkon manufacturers, based in York, by Interserve Project Services. Off-site construction and the installing of a 42-bed Emergency Assessment Unit was the aim for the new building as its production. The building included 42 steel-framed modules manufactured off-site at York and installed on-site in as little as a few days. Disruption was therefore limited and patients could rest oblivious(predicate) of any commotion. The 1,710m square mavin storey extension to the pre-existing incision was astonishingly and impressively erected in just over six months from beginning to end. The buildin g also can boast a full range of modern well-equipped facilities for any acute medical emergencies.Features are listed as including four-bed wards, single en-suite bedrooms, an isolation ward, high-dependency beds, consulting rooms, ward managers office, waiting area, Quiet room, staff changing facilities and rest room and also an interview room.Incorporated into the design were roof lights to increase any natural light in the centre of the unit and moreover holds latest technology equipment. The installation of workstations are readily available and can be used at a patients bedside. This building proudly boasts to be one of the first units in the country to offer an electronic instruction board too.Looking to the comments of professionals working within the construction of this new high-tech building, we can see the positive influence of off-site technology in providing rapid, quality solutions to much needy clients

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay -- Same-Sex Marriage Essays

People ar born queer. If you are homosexual you buttocksnot get married. That head is ridiculous. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US organization guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Marriage is defined as a sacred hold fast of whop between two pile. Gay people to a fault regain love therefore, they should be allowed the same rights as everyone else in this country. Homosexuality is an certain lifestyle nowadays with a proven biological causation. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is a violation of apparitional freedom. According to studies done by Simon LeVey, being gay is a biological cause, not a choice made when one is very young. It is also an accepted lifestyle today. For far too long being homosexual has been considered a form of devilish acts. The people making these accusations should check the floor books, and the psychological research done by LeVey. According to Wikipedia.c om homosexual activates turn over existed since early Greece. The word lesbian comes from the Greek word Lesbos, which were islands where many couples of that druthers lived. The easiest way to think of it is as a hormonal switch that gets impel one way or the other. If you think about it, it makes logical sense. argue many gays and lesbians youve seen. Not always, but in many cases, some characteristics check that of the opposite sex. That means that, for example homosexual males take on softer voices, and most lesbians take in a masculine body shape. Those hormone switches affect it all. And still as yet again, why would someone choose to be gay? Even though gay people are different and their hormones are different, they still have the same emotions as everyone... ... only one was injured, the other might not even be allowed to see the other because he/she is not a direct family member or spouse. Its hard to know that love is being thrown out by so many states an d countries, they are willing to hurt other people moreover so they rump say that the institution of marriage is saved.Gay people are normal, just another minority. Like any other black guy pass down the street. Are you going to tell him he cant get married because hes black? No, because he cant help that hes black, just how gay people cant help that they are gay. They love just as we do and we are in no place to be attribute them back of expressing it to their fullest. They want to get married, then let them. Even though it isnt a man and a woman, its still two people who want to share all they joys of the world together. Love is a feeling, not a gender.

Terri Schiavo Should NOT Have Been Kept Alive Essay example -- Right t

Terri Schiavo Should NOT wealthy person Been Kept AliveDoes a written document such as a living will decide when some sensation should die or should the verbal wishes of the incapacitated person be followed if known? Such as the controversy over when life begins, we now face the ultimate perplexity of when does life end. In 1990, Terri Schiavo, a young Florida woman suffered a summation attack caused by bulimia leaving her brain without oxygen for sixsome minutes. According to medical opinions, she has limited involuntary physical movement. She has remained in a persistent vegetative state ever since. Terri did not have a living will or medical directive in mall at the duration of her heart attack. Michael Schiavo, Terris hubby, has repeatedly sought the administrations interjection to allow his wifes feeding tube to be remote and she be allowed to die. On more than one occasion Michael Schiavo testified before adjudicate stating that his wifes wishes were to never be hook ed up to a machine to save her life. He insists that she expressed this to him and others on more than one occasion. He further declares that she would rather die than to live as she is forced to do now. Others have also testified that this statement is true. In 1993 a court awarded Terri $1 million dollars in a medical malpractice suit, and granted her husband authority over the money to use for her care (Goldenberg, 2003).When questioned regarding his motives for wanting Terri to die, he emphatically denies her death would bring him any type of reward or satisfaction (Smith, 2004). If Terri dies her husband inherits the funds remaining in the malpractice suit. At the time of this writing, Terris husband lives with another woman and two children he has fathered with her without bei... ...2004, n.d.). education about advance directives. Retrieved October 29, 2004, from http//www.health-first.org/hospitals_services/advance_directives.cfmHennesy, P. F. (2004, October 24). Varying d egrees of disgust. The Sierra Times, , . Retrieved October 31, 2004, from http//www.sierratimes.com/04/10/25/panhennessy.htmLama, D. (1973, n.d.). Dalai Lamas speech. Retrieved October 31, 2004, from http//www.purifymind.com/DalaiLama.htmlMartinez, M., & Kampert, P. (2003, October 23). sound out to probe familys claim of spousal abuse Agency to protect the change could have decisive role. Chicago Tribune, , 24.MedicineNet.Com (1996-2004, n.d.). Advance medical directives. Retrieved October 26, 2004, from http//www.medicinenet.com/advance_medical_directives/page2.htmSmith, W. J. (2004, January 19). Beyond Terris law. The periodical Standard, 9(18), 14.

Human Genetic Screening Essay -- Genes Science Papers

homo familial ScreeningWhat is transmissible back? Genetic screening is the interrogation of cells to check for certain kinds of genes, or for potentially damaging changes to those genes. It may be defined as a systematic search for persons with a specific genotype in a defined population. Genetic screening serves as an important adjunct of modern preventive medicine. The usual approach is to station persons whose genotype places them or their offspring at risk for genetic illnesss. much(prenominal) screening has the potential to lessen the devastating impact of genetic diseases. Genetic screening may be undertaken for research purposes unrelated to disease or the improvement of health. The National Academy of Sciences recommends that genetic screening is an appropriate systema skeletale of medical c atomic number 18 only when certain conditions are met. These include (1) turn out of substantial world benefit and acceptance, (2) the benefits outweigh the costs (3) appropri ate public education can be carried out (4) informed consent is possible (5) the means are available to evaluate the effectiveness and success of severally step in the process (Blank, 1982). Some screening is aimed at the popular population, while others are targeted at selective high-risk population screening can also be conducted at various stages of life. There are three principal types of genetic screening. (1) Newborn screening identifies serious genetic disease at birth, permitting prompt treatment to prevent mental and visible retardation. (2) Fetal screening and prenatal diagnosis identify genetic disease in the fetus permitting selective termination of pregnancy and the opportunity to stool children free of defects detectable in uterus. (3) Carrier screening identifies individuals hete... ...5. Fost, N., 1993. Genetic diagnosis and treatment, American Journal of Diseases of Children. 147(11)1190-1195. 6. Knoppers, B.M., 1986. Genetic information and the law constains , liability and rights. backside Med Assoc J. 135(12)1257-1259. 7. Markel, H.M., 1992. The stigma of disease implication of genetic screening. The Americal Journal of Medicine 93209-214. 8. Rowley, P.T., 1984. Genetic screening marvel or menace? Science 225(4658) Jul 13 138-144. 9. Waugh, D., 1994. The human-genome project and pandors box. Can Med Assoc J. 151(1)73. 10. What is genetic screening obtained from the WWW http/www.scicomm.org.uk/biosis/human/whatis1.html 11. The principles of genetic science and heredity obtained from the WWW http/www.eb.com180/cgi- bin/g?docF=macro/5002/57/50.html&DBase=Articles&hits=10&context=allgra phType=1&indexremove=off0102

Articles of Confederation :: American America History

Articles of ConfederationSoon after the Revolutionary War in America, a new government was started when the Articles of Confederation (Articles) were adopted by the Continental Congress. The Articles set up a democratic government that gave the demesnes the post to misrepresent their protest laws and to enforce them. However, the Articles were ineffective and failed to provide a strong government. During this minute Period in the history of the United States, regionalism and anarchy were growing because of the pursual reasons. 1) The Continental Congress controlled public affairs but there was aught in the Articles that gave Congress the power to enforce laws or unify the States. 2) in that location was no solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be paying(a) or to protect commerce, both nationally and foreign trade. 3) The country lacked amity and strength because there was no leadership.The Articles were ineffective because Congress only had the power to recommend actions to the States. It could not enforce its recommendations or laws. Each State had its avouch constitution, monetary system, and means to enforce the law. Each State had a stronger loyalty to the State laws and to the States own self interests than to the recommendations of Congress. Regionalism pitted one State against another, which decreased the sense of unity in the country. For example, when Congress recommended an impost, or duty, on trade goods, the State of Rhode Island voted to reject the idea because they felt it was unfair and was against the constitution of the State (Document A).The Articles failed to provide a solid monetary system to ensure that taxes would be nonrecreational or to protect commerce. Congress had no way to nail taxes to pay off pre-war debts. This led to chaos and anarchy when soldiers that hadnt been paid marched on Philadelphia, and Congress had to flee to Princeton New Jersey (Document C). Each State had its own money, but there was no n ational money system. Since the money had no value from state to state, the people began to use the barter system of trade. This trim the amount of trade and importation of goods. There was very little sparing progress and growth during this period even though the population was increasing. (Document B). ego interest of the States and of individuals added to the cause of the problems. For example, John Jay tried to create a pact with Great Britain that would have been bad for the merchants of the United States but it would have paid off the war debt.

Humor in Act 2 Scene 5 of Twelfth Night :: European Literature

In Act 2 pic 5 the mood is in truth lighthearted and is full of theatrical comedy, we find Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and their ally Fabian underground away as they await Malvolio to stumble upon the garner supposedly written by Olivia. Even though they are hidden the auditory sense can still see their reactions and hear their comments, which adds to the melodramatic purview of the scene. The audience is anxious to see what unravels next as they know mare purposely wrote the earn in order to fool Malvolio. Malvolios entrance to the scene immediately creates comedy as even before he finds the letter we find him fantasizing about being Count Malvolio, this notion creates humor as it seems that Malvolio has forgot he is merely Olivias steward not her social equal in spite of his is conceited self-righteousness. The farce is enhanced by comments made by the onlookers who exasperate Malvolio, Pistol him, pistol him Sir Andrew makes this comment, as he himself desires Olivias hand in m arriage. Malvolio lets his fancy go wild creating further humor when he imagines that his kinsman Toby go forth approach and curtsy in front of him.Malvolio finds the letter and notices that it is Olivias handwriting. Shakespeare creates comedy with his admit on words, Malvolio comments on how it is almost certainly Olivias writing these be her rattling Cs, her Us, and her Ts and thus makes she her great Ps The use of the sexual innuendo referring to the female genitalia and urination is very clear when spoken aloud which is very amusing. Further comedy is created by Sir Andrews reaction, Cs, her Us, and her Ts why that? Sir Andrew does not understand the joke, the audience finds this funny but at the same time we also spirit sorry for him because he is very dim witted.After Malvolio establishes that Olivia writes the letter he then begins to interpret the letter to suit his situation. M--Malvolio M Why, that begins my name It is humorous because he believes the letters M.O.A. I is an acronym for his name. However the audience knows that it is a device cleverly scene up by Maria that has obviously succeeded in its purpose to illusion Malvolio.The reading of the letter creates comedy the requests are outrageous. Malvolio is told to wear yellow cross-gartered stockings to be opposite with kinsman, surly with servants and to constantly smile. The thought of this is hilarious considering that Malvolio is a stark puritan and is very malice towards others.

Seeking the Living Story: A Comparison of SongCatcher and molly has her say :: Essays Papers

Seeking the Living Story A comparability of SongCatcher and molly has her say Drama is a medium of truth-telling about the unseen substance of our lives. Challenging accepted Western stories of power, of truth, of morality and of self, indigen American playwrights Marcie R. Renton and Margaret Brubauc develop dialogue that spans physical and spiritual factualms, both on and hit the stage. Within Rentons SongCatcher and Brubaucs molly has her say, spiritual character and ii- holdingal space are blended in ripe day settings, profession Native American peoples to defy Western history books and seek Native roots. Using real historical data, these playwrights craft the power of drama into an inspirational conversation of true Native American identity. In the intimate alliance between performer and audience, there is power to challenge the stories we believe, both what we hunch forward about ourselves, and our world. Onstage interactions and beats with the supernatural defy audi ences to deny of the possibility of its human race and more generally the possibility for existence of things we cannot know fully. As characters struggle with preconceived notions of reality and interfering spirit characters, so audiences must debar assumptions of history and engage in the cultural conflict of Native Americans dealings with spirit forces on stage. Supernatural character molly Ockett is a figureisation of the past story grad student Molly Marie longs to deny in her personal history (Bruchac 320), just as the spirit of Francess Denmore is a symbol of Western pomposity Jack desperately wants to trust in as he learns his history, learn some things about who he really is (Renton 22). These symbolic characters and modern font day casts are a means of engaging in greater themes of cultural rights and the meaning of heritage. Shared space and physical proximity of characters proves the confederacy between history, heritage and modern day life. Renton builds a dream dimension in her play, allowing the reality of spirits to coexist in both real and imagined time. Bruchacs play is more of a relationship between two spirits and one woman, and needs no dream element. Molly Marie and Molly Ockett co-exists in real time, as does Old Mali, ever present and alone invisible, though only Molly Marie is living today. Each space is multi-dimensional and superior of time, as supernatural characters interact freely with modern characters through shared out objects like doors, cigarette lighters, coffee cups. As spiritual characters go into modern characters space, touching physical props, the ethical questions of identity all(prenominal) drama poses transcend time to modern minds and hearts.