How Off Site Construction Construction Essay

How Off Site wind Construction EssayThis dissertation will discuss the effect of ultramodern Methods of Construction (MMC) and particularly the Off-Site Construction (OSC), on the twist heavens today, and how these orders will contribute to help and resolve friendly, financial, and environmental difficulties that facing the UK. rack up- office obscure body part is an application of modern methods of bend MMC where mental synthesis sector meets the industrial sector, or by other word, a fusion amidst structure and manucircumstanceuring. off- grade manifestation is where any of twist comp atomic number 53nts, or raze a livelong building, manufacture in factories away from the actual site where the building will be sited, or simply is where the body structure site is distinct from the building site.off-site reflexion has different terms, terms like (prefabrication, off-site assembly, factory assembly, pre-assembly, off-site manufacture, etc.). The term off-site devi ce is generally employ nowadays to any part of the edifice bring that takes place in factories.off-site expression is non untested, in the 20th century specifically in the post war metre, off-site wind (that time the term utilise probably was factory assembly or prefabrication braid) were indispensabilityed to replace apace buildings which were destroyed or damaged during the war, But due to the lack of engineering science and modern production techniques, festering in lightweights, high-strength materials, and sassy modern methods of social system that today is avail open, it amassed unfortunately negative signifi dischargece.The time of the wheelbarrow is finished, announced jean Prouv in 1947, echoing Le Corbusier.We need usines maisons, homes taked in the factoriesSince then, a gain sixty years have passed the manufacturing application has come with invention of success of the mechanization, has enhanced electronics and grafting. Today industrial automation and manufactures from shoes to own(prenominal) com siteers, and from planes to crackers, all now machine-made, in Seattle as a slim settlement in China.The building construction is still the equivalent. With very few exceptions, the building re chief(prenominal)s largely an object made by hand with handed-down techniques. And the only construction sedulousness still relies to logical and largely pre-industrial processes. With know effects slump productivity, forecast time and damage a lot to a great fulfilment random, exposed to all levels of choice and possibilities and approximations of production corresponds be vary astray, unwilling technologies and un happy work.Why choose off-site construction now? What is so different from the traditional way of construction? Why is sustainability constantly cosmos brought up? Before I examine these points, I have to credit entry some measurable facts that have already occurred. Since the scratch of the century, it is incr easingly creationness talked astir(predicate) and discussed, the world and its climate ever-changing. united Nations ask for action on it. The world met in a summit in Copenhagen to discuss how they notify resolve the raising temperature that might ca character damages and risks to the global, and how to reduce vigour and CO2 emission. Why I mentioned climate channelise and we ar public lecture about off-site construction? The answer is surprisingly, buildings atomic number 18 responsible for about one three of global cipher consumption and if we add the efficiency utilise for construction the totality put up easily be change magnitude to the half. All of this means that we need to build very efficient houses and in an efficient way, and thats peck be achievable only by off-site construction.There is a exacting accommodation shortage in the UK. The brass has announced plans for the construction of 200,000 raw houses per year, but that function has never ach ieved yet. off-site construction endure help the accommodation industry to achieve that target where fast delivery is needed. Speedier delivery in construction is one of the latent advantages of off-site construction and research showed that it whoremonger reduce the time of construction process to the half because it takes place in a desirable condition away from the uncertain weather that place affect and delay the process on-site. And research showed that it go off reduce the time of construction process to the half because it takes place in a desirable condition away from the unpredictable weather, factory build accommodation. Offsite construction already haves in the production of social accommodation.elderly.jpgSkill shortages in the UK construction industry atomic number 18 a severe problem. In 2001 the UK construction industry estimated it needed to train an extra 74,000 dexterous workers every year for five years just to make up for the shortages of bricklayers, p lumbers and electricians (Verbus System, 2006).In 2009, the chartered institute of building (CIOB) concluded a third research on skill shortages, and the impression again showed that the construction industry is still suffering a skills shortage, which is likely to continue to be a challenge for the building sector. off-site construction give the axe play an most-valuable role to resolve this issue. The research showed, compared to much traditional techniques, off-site construction can reduce on-site beat back requirements to less than a quarter. This result achieved from some work took place off-site. Off-site work involves different tire out that is not on a lower embellishing pressure as the on-site workforce. Off-site construction and modern methods of construction (MMC) can therefore make better use of scarce labour.1.5 DISSERTATION STRUCTUREThe dissertation hiatuss of an introduction chapter, three main chapters and conclusion chapter Chapter deuce discuss the adva ntages of off-site construction for the building sector, society, and the environment. The chapter too will discuss the conditions in order to gain the full advantages of off-site construction. Chapter three explain the causes and unionises of off-site construction, and where off-site construction takes place in the building and in the construction process. Off-site construction takes place in different areas of the building, so how off-site construction will integrated with the mainstream construction process. Chapter four show and examine some of off-site construction shift studies and in which type of building it takes place.CHAPTER TWO ADVANTAGES OF OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION2.1 institutionOff-site construction, as I mentioned, is part of modern methods of construction (MMC) and is referred to as any of the components of the building built in a high character reference controlled factories where they use advanced techniques to manufacture highly specialised doors, windows, sta irs, wall panels, conformation structure, and complete volumetrical pods and then transport them to the location where it will be used and to be assembled on-site.Off-site construction has umpteen advantages that are wherefore nowadays there are more companies and contractors victimisation this method alternatively than the traditional way of construction, even governments make more pressure to use this method to speed up lodgment delivery.Modern methods of construction can provide good quality homes with less on-site labour, in a shorter time, with at least the same building performance and at comparable cost when compared to more established techniques.Off-site manufacturing and partnering processes increasingly play a part in solving todays problem of moving towards a sustainable housing industry.The advantages of off-site construction can be classified into two types Business advantages, social environmental advantagesModern construction methods can produce essential be nefits for housing authorities and developers, not the least of which is the trim dialect on on-site activity. This is particularly central in a time of increasing demands on an already stretched labour force. As with any natural way of doing things there are risks, but these can be mitigate through good sick planning and management (Sir John Bourn, taper of the National Audit Office, 2005).2.2 ADVANTAGESLess time in construction process, cost predictability, higher quality,helping the society and the environment, resolving skilled labour shortage, reduce advantageouslyness safety risks,and helping the business the economy. These are bring out advantages of off-site construction.2.2.1 decrease construction timeBusiness advantages give a huge boost to the contractors and planers to use more off-site construction components with their design and building processes. The greater speed of manufacturing and on-site assembling is an important factor for business gain. ahead th e delivery of the building means earlier the return of the investment. standard construction for example, that is an off-site construction, is up to 40-60% quicker than traditional building methods. The predictability of the delivery withal is very important for the financial calculation of the business in terms of cost and revenue. The manufacturing process of the components in quality controlled factories is nearly accurately estimated as well as the delivery to the site and the assembly operation.2.2.2 Cost PredictabilityCost-effectiveness is an important factor to show the difference between the off-site construction method and the conventional one. Approximately, around 80% of the construction costs are immovable in spite of appearance the first 20% of the design process.The graph below highlights the potentiality for cost reducing and alternatively the resistance to the cost of change during the catch life. As the project progresses, the opportunities for implementing va riation or change reduce and the incidental costs associated with these variations rise substantially, Where off-site production techniques are to be used, these should be introduced early in the process.While off-site construction has tended in the prehistoric to be more expensive than brick block, now is being reduced to the same level due to the innovation of more techniques and to the variety of the components, and these bringing even greater economies.2.2.3 Superior QualityOff-site manufacture for building components significantly improves the quality and the efficiency of the building due to high standard of quality control and test.Buildings exceed requirements on earphone and thermal insulation levels, so this means that are more sustainable.2.2.4 Help the society and the environmentOff-site construction has also can help the society and the environment. Millions of affordable homes are required to meet growing demand, and there is increasing pressure to further improve efficiency and sustainability performance during construction and throughout the lifetime of the buildings.Off-site construction is environmentally friendly if it is planned well from the early stages of design and by integrating all the supply chain together. Less energy is generally required to develop the modules or off-site manufactured components. With modify process control ,buildings are pre-engineered each exactly the same and so can be adapted for ease of tiling and this should lead to reduced levels of take product on site of up to 70% and subsequent costs. In addition, with improved control of materials flow, raw materials can be recycled rather than skipped as often happens on site.The advantage of using OSC methods related to the reduction of waste to landfill are that the material usage in the factory is reduced up to 90% by thecareful design and procurement of materials, reducing theamount of waste generatedboth on-site and off-site.Offsite manufacturing was ident ified as a key potential method for promoting sustainability in spite of appearance the construction industry. Sustainability is enlarged as sound and thermal insulation are improved. Reduced time on site means less waver to neighbouring residents or businesses.2.2.5Reducing reliance on skilled labourWhile there is a significant shortage of housing in the UK, and the government plans to build more accommodation houses, there is some other problem facing to achieve these plans as well the building industry a whole which is the skills shortages bricklayers, plumbers and electricians. Off-site construction helps to build more houses by reducing reliance on increasingly scarce skilled labour by reducing the number of labour where semi-skilled factory labour can be used during the construction of modules.2.2.6 Improve health and safetyHealth and safety issue also give off-site construction an advantage, it has been prove to be a safer method of construction because there are few c omponents involved than traditional methods and there is no need for high amount of labour on-site for the assembly process.2.2.7 Business integration and economy developmentOff-site construction helps to integrate the supply chain. When executed effectively, the off-site construction process involves key manufacturers and suppliers early in the feasibility and design stages of the project. This ensures that the specializer skills and knowledge of these key suppliers are embedded within the project and can influence the design and construction phases of the project. Where get hold of these key suppliers should be granted ownership of the design and involved fully in the execution of delivery, stock and movements of materials and components.CHAPTER THREE OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION WHERE IT TAKES PLACE?3.1Forms of off-site constructionOff-site construction can take a number of forms. The form and extent of acceptance within the projects will depend onthe type of project Is there a lar ge proportion of duplication or breeding? for example in hotels and hostels, the type of client Is the client a one-off or repeat client?, and the relationships and the ar rovements between the project members.Off-site buildings and components carcasss range from small absquatulate-together sections to virtually complete buildings.Systems can be categorised asSub-assembliesFramesPanels (open or closed)volumetrical systemHybrids system3.1.1 Sub-assembliesSub-assemblies are the most traditional and widely used system in off-site manufacturing which is being used for many generations. Thistype of off-site construction can include elements using different type of materials such as concrete beams, block pull downs, and foundations.Prefabricated foundation systems can consist of precast, post-tensioned, concrete beams.Prefabricated beam installation in progress on loads. The beams can be omittedand modular structures can be installed to span directly onto piles and pile capsPhotograp h courtesy of Van ElleAn surplus examples for sub- assemblies systems are the screwball reinforced plastic for chimneys, steel for curtain walling, and timber stairs.3.1.2 FramesFramed structures, which are pre-assembled in factories, supply the structural support to buildings and are not something new feature in construction. Lightweight pre-assembled frames which can be delivered promptly to the site, velo city up the construction times for the main structural elements. The benefit of pre-assembled inclose structures, that can help of reducing site cutting and the inaccuracies that can bear from it.Untitled-1.jpgInsulated steel frame building system Photograph courtesy of allianceAn example of framed structure is the steel frame module.blade works in off-site construction are taking the most important part of the factory controlled construction due to the characteristics of the steel itself that can be shaped and moulded in any form the result is light fast steel modules st ructures.The UK construction commercialise is one of the most steel intensive in the world, with steel proving to be the material of choice for UK architects and structural engineers in the multi- horizontal surface building market. The 2007 Market Shares Survey figures show steel construction systematically takes in excess of 70 per cent over double the market share compared to when the survey was first carried out in the early 1980s.(Housebuilder Developer. 2008).The Steel Construction Institute has carried out a study of different construction projects using various levels of off-site steel construction technologies in vigorous urban sites. The goal of the study was to recognize the benefits of off-site construction relating to the reduction of the disruption caused to local residents by the construction operations. The study also aimed to determine these benefits in terms of the reduction in dust, noise, vehicle circulation and the impact of site-generated waste on the envir onment.3.1.3 PanelsPanels are two dimensional frame that consist both the structural and the infill element, are sealed together on site. Example of panels are pre-assembled floor, wall, and roof panels. Using the right sealants are very important to gain the benefit of off-site manufactured panels in order to stand up the frames rapidly. The simplest form of off-site manufactured panel system is lightweight infill panels that are fixed to the structural frame, where the most complex form are the prefabricated get up panels which consist of both, the structural element, internal and external finishes.3.1.4 Volumetric SystemVolumetric system is the frame and panel systems, and when the building is assembled and built from a serial of volumetric steel or timber modules, connected together to form a mode or groups of retinue to form complete structure. standard construction is also a term used to refer the volumetric assemblies.While the foundations are being prepared under factory conditions, the modules are manufactured and finished (or partially finished) off-site, under factory conditions, then transported to the building site and assembled and connected to the foundations, then added the exterior veneer and the roof.Modular construction is more sustainable than traditional techniques because of the minimum foundations that required and because it is built under factory conditions, the modules are in better quality and defects are minimized.Modular construction uses the same techniques from the industrial sector but the result does not look like mass production product. Sophisticated modules and panels can be produced and can be easily customised by the clients requirements, and with new advanced techniques finishes cladding and roofing, give the building its raw(a) skin that suites the surrounding.3.1.5 Hybrids SystemPlant populatePlant room is a room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical and electrical equipments and then they need an int ensive labour. If plant populate built off-site where there is cheaper labour, this can be more economically. Other advantage of plant rooms built in factory is if a project in time difficulties, unceasingly the installation of the run is squeezed, so using modular plant rooms certainly will help to avoid this problem.Using system-engineering patterns, the resulting prototype has been unquestionable principally for use in the construction of two and seven storey residential developments. It is a hybrid of frame and infill panels, the prototype enables construction in stick form, panels or 3D volumetric units, and works on the principle of a frame and infill system. The mainframe is hot-rolled steel and typically uses regular or square hollow sections with a width of 100mm for both columns and beams to provide a standard interface that can be in filled with floor and non-load bearing wall panels to complete the building.The prototype is based on before long available main compo nents, which can be connected in a variety of ways to suit the individual project to allow tractability in the level of work carried out off-site. Connections include innovative bolt connections to allow complete demountability, location systems and welded connections, all of which can be used in isolation or as part of a feature system. bathing tubs PodsBathroom construction process can use Off-site construction engineering science, which in compare to the traditional way, would normally be carried out on-site. If we extract the construction process of the bathrooms to a controlled factory environment, bathrooms will bend more ecological, functional, and with lower building costs. Bathrooms that we call them smart will also depart more common with highly environmentally toilets and showers systems and with more advanced technology like tapes with sensors. The quality of bathrooms pods is far superior to the traditional on-site construction, more stylish, with high quality mat erials, and better for the environment in terms of a lower carbon footprint, lower levels of waste and reduced transportation of components.Bathroom pods are a very economically theme when it integrate with the whole construction process in large quantities such as pupil accommodations, hotels, hostels, hospitals, and prisons.3.jpgWalker ModularCHAPTER FOUR CASE STUDIES4.1 British Land roper site, Londonrope-maker is a commercial building for British Land, one of the UKs largest Real Estate Investment Trust. It is built in an eminent site in London. The 21 storey and three basement levels has 55,000 square metres crystallise lettable space. The high profile building has impressive green certifications achievement including a BREEAM excellent rating.The development has been realised using off-site construction technologies in a large number of parts in the building.This study aimed to tax two products manufactured off-site a modular walling system Podwall from active Horseman, and Technik flooring system supplied by Grants LTD.The research aimed to compare in tardily analysis off-site construction techniques products to the traditional way of construction in terms of waste on-site and off-site, resources needed on site, efficiency and productivity, cost, environmental impact analysis and end of life assessment, health and safety, and installation time.Features of the Podwall system (Swift Horsman. 2010)A flexible modular walling system incorporating finishes and services.All elements manufactured off site in a controlled environment.Innovative fit out solution providing high quality female, male, and disabled toilet units throughout the development.PODWALL research results murder breakdown (man hours on site)Podwall saved rough 40% to programme. Each floor at Ropemaker had an 11 week programme to install the Podwall (3 blocks per floor one ladies, one gentlemen and one disabled toilet), which would be equivalent to 15 weeks for traditional fit out.Podw all wasteBecause the Podwall is manufactured off-site the waste on site is reduced. The largest proportion of waste generated is in the packaging, which ensures the product is protected between factory and site.Across the Ropemaker site a total of approximately 213m3 of waste was produced for all Podwall washrooms. Given the low levels of waste observed during the supervise of the Podwall, traditional waste would considerably exceed the Podwall waste volumes.The percentage of materials recycled from Ropemaker frequently exceeds 85%.At Ropemaker the Podwall washroom package has a foster of approximately 6m, with 54 toilet blocks being delivered across 1969m2 The main differences in cost between the Podwall and the traditional system are in services installation and cubicles. This is because services are integrated off site into the walls and cubicles for the Podwall which explains the greater cost of these elements, whereas with traditional build the cost of installing services on site is higher. The traditional costs do not account for indirect costs such as the increased cost of waste and removal thereof and the increased programme time to install the traditional product.4.2 solecism Study Bewdley High School and Sixth Form, WorcestershireThis case study involves a school and sixth form building based in Bewdley, Worcestershire. A new building which can meet the needs and expectations of this school is to be proposed, designed and implemented. The requirements are said to be a building which offers tractableness for the school and its occupiers as well as being a low-energy solution. The changing needs of the school means space needs to be provided to halt the new influx of around 360 pupils.Yorkon manufacturers, who are based in the city of York, have created a two-storey high building at their off-site location. collectable to the nature of the build taking place away at York as an off-site project, the building only took a mere 22 weeks to put toget her compared to an on-site project which would take longer. This new building has become a project now boasting a title as not only one of the most sustainable modular buildings within the UK, but offers heating via biomass fuel and holds a complex passive and low energy ventilation system. The building comprises of 60 steel-framed modules and has clear internal spans quantity up to 12m for space planning tractableness within. The parts were brought in using cranes and windows and partitions were put into place. The effectiveness of pre-installing the windows and partitions off-site show the efficiency and speed of this new phenomenon.It is a desired and sought after concept to still incorporate off-site construction into the regular and more traditional building techniques. The fact the building has integrated off-site technology into its production whilst still being themed around a conventional and traditional design for a drama and dance studio, ultimately shows the two somew hat diverse attemptes to construction working(a) in harmony together.The building comprises a 12 classroom deftness which may accommodate the schools Modern Languages, Humanities as well as English Departments. Furthermore, a designated creative-area is also catered for within the design concept as well as an area for an administrative centre. Its design features boast central-heating fuelled by biomass fuel thus being environmentally friendly by minimising slanderous carbon emissions. Not only this, but the new building can offer all timber cladding from sources that are confirmed sustainable, a highly-glazed activity studio offering a plentiful amount of natural light and an appealing bespoke roof structure thats pleasing to the eye. spirit further into the buildings design concept in offering a complex passive ventilation system, we can see that the clever idea of well-ventilated rooms provide a more comforting area for study and teaching. This additional air-flow is thus pr oviding better concentration and performance for all those working within the new building. This is achieved through something recognised as passive air-stacking. The sensors installed are there to monitor levels of both carbon dioxide as well as temperature. This enables immobile air to be drawn in accordingly when detected as too low. This is fed diagonally over radiators which prevent the possibility of unwelcome cold draughts. Any stale air from the room is passed out from the room via high capacity discharge terminals found on the roof. This ultimately creates a continuous regulation of new air flow replacing aged air providing optimum air composition levels in each room.Professionals working at Yorkon have expressed their views in using off-site construction in this project amongst others. They voiced that the main decision to go for off-site production was speed in completing the project which was highly important in making sure the facility would be ready on time for the new quantity of pupils to be joining the school. Furthermore, Yorkon is keen to be recognised as a reputable name in render superior quality along with an eye for sophisticated and precise power point in the designs and bringing revolutionary new techniques to building which can change attitudes towards regular modular construction. This is all despite any challenging timescale. Yorkonis adamant their team has provided the required building which can boast quality, bespoke elements and flexibility along with highly favoured low energy, environmentally friendly and speedy results.(The new building has provided us with spacious accommodation and room sizes that are appropriate for our learning and teaching needs. It is visually pleasing from the outside and fits in well with the locality. Our students have been impressed with the design of the building and it has helped to develop a strong sense of pride in our school and working environment.The modular approach is a very good meth od of construction for schools as it limits the disruption to learning because of the speed of assembly. The building will be easy to offer and the design is sufficiently flexible to meet the changing needs of our students and class development.-Julie Reilly, Head Teacher and Sixth Form centre.)4.3 Case Study-Emergency Assessment Unit, University hospital of North Tees.In this case study we are looking at the new revolutionary building which was designed to fulfil the needs of Interserve trade union movement Services/North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust. The building will be located at the University Hospital of North Tees. The purpose-designed and built Emergency Assessment Unit has been required in order to reduce postponement times for much demanded emergency treatment. This is something the Government has planned as to drive down waiting times for patients. The amount of beds are needed to be increased at the Stockton site as well as the site needing to be able to provide a service to those needing emergency surgical care, based centrally on location rather than some distance away. The unit has promised to feature up-to-date emergency care and include specialist staff who can deal quickly and efficiently with a high number of patients thus increasing patient turnover.The solution to these needs was met through a 2.8m master 21 project which was awarded to Yorkon manufacturers, based in York, by Interserve Project Services. Off-site construction and the installing of a 42-bed Emergency Assessment Unit was the aim for the new building as its production. The building included 42 steel-framed modules manufactured off-site at York and installed on-site in as little as a few days. Disruption was therefore limited and patients could rest oblivious(predicate) of any commotion. The 1,710m square mavin storey extension to the pre-existing incision was astonishingly and impressively erected in just over six months from beginning to end. The buildin g also can boast a full range of modern well-equipped facilities for any acute medical emergencies.Features are listed as including four-bed wards, single en-suite bedrooms, an isolation ward, high-dependency beds, consulting rooms, ward managers office, waiting area, Quiet room, staff changing facilities and rest room and also an interview room.Incorporated into the design were roof lights to increase any natural light in the centre of the unit and moreover holds latest technology equipment. The installation of workstations are readily available and can be used at a patients bedside. This building proudly boasts to be one of the first units in the country to offer an electronic instruction board too.Looking to the comments of professionals working within the construction of this new high-tech building, we can see the positive influence of off-site technology in providing rapid, quality solutions to much needy clients